Cell Organelles and the Production of a Protein

Using a human cell of your choice, describe how organelles work together to make and secrete a protein (LO1. AC 1. 1) An epithelial cell in the thyroid gland, called a thyrocyte forms spherical follicles that produce a protein called thyroglobulin. This is a globular protein that has a functional role in metabolism. The protein is used by the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones; thyroxine (T4) is an example of one of the hormones created. Thyroxine is formed by iodine binding to tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin molecules, inside the follicle cell. www. vivo. colostate. edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/thyroid/chem. html) This hormone regulates growth and controls the rate of chemical reactions in the body. This image is from: http://classes. midlandstech. com/carterp/Courses/bio211/chap16/chap16. htm Before the thyroid hormone can be secreted from the thyroid follicle cell, the thyrocyte needs to make the protein thyroglobluin, by different organelles in the cell. There are many organelles inside the cell, however only specific organelles make and secrete thyroglobulin.The Nucleus (the largest organelle inside the cell) controls all the different organelles within the follicle cell, and instructs each organelle on how to synthesis the protein (thyroglobulin). It also holds the DNA which codes for thyroglobulin, so it knows what protein the cell is producing and how much is needed. The Nucleolus, which is inside the Nucleus, contains the ribosomal RNA that is involved in building proteins and also this organelle is the site where ribosomes are assembled. The ribosome is where Thyroglobulin is made.This organelle is either found floating free throughout the cell in the cytoplasm or embedded on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The protein can be formed at both locations. Thyroglobulin uses the rough endoplasmic reticulum as a transport system through the thyrocyte; also this organelle can be a temporary storage for thyroglobulin until it is needed. The protei n is then moved to the Golgi complex, this organelle is known to be most commonly found in glandular cells. The Golgi body is where thyroglobulin is modified into a glycoprotein; this is when a carbohydrate is added into the structure of the protein.This modified thyroglobulin is processed, sorted and packaged into secretory vesicles. These secretory vesicles are then discharged in to the follicle lumen. The thyroid follicle cell traps iodide (active uptake) and it then travels through the cell, on the way through the cell the iodide is oxidized into active iodine by hydrogen peroxide. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme thyroid peroxidase (TPO). The iodine is then passed into the colloid lumen. In the colloid the iodine is attached to tyrosine, this is the amino acid that joins together to make up the protein thyroglobulin, forming DIT (T2).DIT is known as a colloid thyroglobulin. Iodinated tyrosines are joined together to form thyroxine (T4). The thyroglobulin colloid is endo cytosed (entering) back into the thyroid follicle cell forming an inward folding. This is then combined with a lysosome, so that the lysosomal enzymes can split thyroxine from the thyroglobulin colloid. Finally the hormone is diffused out of the thyrocyte, through the cell membrane into the bloodstream on its way to the peripheral tissues via the capillary.Image from: http://wps. aw. com/bc_marieb_happlace_7_oa/42/10969/2808223. cw/index. html

BTEC national diploma in business 2013-2014 Essay

|Unit Title: Managing Business Information |Unit Code: 26 | |Lecturer: Gaye Snook | | | |Assignment Title: Managing Business Information | |Assignment: 1 | | | |Principle Objectives Assessed: | |1 Understand the importance of information to organisations | |2 Know how organisations use business information | |3 Be able to maintain an information system | |4 Be able to produce information to support decision making in organisations. | | | |Key Skills Competence: | |N3.1,3.2,3.3 | |C3.1a, 3.1b, 3.2, 3.3 | |ICT3.1, 3.2, 3.3 | |Date Set: September 2013 |Date Due: December 2013 | | | |Scenario – You are responsible for the information management with The Box Company a company manufacturing storage boxes. You are asked to | |firstly write a report about the effective management of information. You are also asked to carry out practical tasks for information | |management and to report and present the findings of you information interrogation. | | | |Task 1 | | | |Write a report following an investigation of The Box Company, covering the following points | | | |Describe the characteristics of the information that The Box Company needs | |(this addresses P1) | | | |Characteristics: types of information (qualitative, quantitative, primary, secondary); quality of information (valid, complete, accurate, | |timely, fit-for-purpose, accessible, cost-effective, intelligible) | | | | Explain the sources of information needed in The Box Company | |(this address P2) | | | |Sources: internal (financial, HR, marketing, purchasing, sales, manufacturing, etc); external (government, trade groupings, commercially | |provided, databases, research, competitor information) | | | |Describe how information is used for three different purposes in The Box Company (this addresses P3) | | | |Purposes: record transactions and activities; monitor, control, co-ordinate and plan activities; analysis (patterns, trends); prediction | |(extrapolation, what if?) | |Describe the legal and ethical issues the organisation must consider in using business information | |(this addresses P4) | | | | Data Protection Act 1998, Computer Misuse Act 1990; ethical issues (privacy, access, organisational IT protocols, codes of practice from the | |Information Commissioner’s Office(ICO) and the British Computer Society (BCS) | | | |Explain why business information is important to the success of an organisation, giving several examples of how it is used to help decision | |making | |(this addresses M1) | | | |Decision making (operational, tactical strategic); administration; promote efficiency; develop competitive advantage; increase market share; | | | | | |Write a report to evaluate how a selected organisation could improve the quality of its business information to support decision-making. | |Prepare a presentation of the information and your recommendations. You will be assessed on the appropriateness of the formats chosen. | |Remember to justify your recommendations in your report. | |(this addresses D1) | | | |Tracking fast and slow moving sales will suggest to a retailer how to adjust its product range. Monitoring staff absence will allow | |absenteeism patterns to be identified and absence reduced. Improving the quality of the information will improve the business. | |A senior manager will be likely to understand information presented in a formal report, a junior assistant may be better able to assimilate | |information in a visual format. A poor choice of format hinders communication of the message. | | | | | | | | | | | |Task 2 | | | | You are required to conduct practical exercises on a data management system. You do not need to create this system; your tutor will provide | |this for you. Undertaking the following tasks, format the given data management system into a professionally presented and useful system by | |completing the following tasks | | | |Format Table | |Add grid lines | |Add formatting to headers | |Format cell type (i.e. text/numbers) | | | | Add validation rules to appropriate cells | | | |Add profit column (use formula) | | | |Update Table | |Add new sales for next three months | |Customer 128 has gone out of business, delete this customer | |Add customer 129 – Boxes R Us, 145 Station Road, Maidenhead, Sl4 9UY, 07788 6589652. Anticipated demand from this customer will be 30 of | |product B each month from July | |Change contact for customer 125 to 07799 8745698 | | | |Following the above, in the presence of your tutor who will observe you, interrogate the system to provide analytical data e.g.: | | | |a. Total sales per product | |b. Total profit per product | |c. Total sales per customer | |d. Total profit per customer | |(this addresses P5) | | | | | |Task 3 | | | |Building upon task 2, produce information that can be used to support the following business decision. Scenario – the company is thinking of| |launching a new product, however, due to the capacity of the production line it can only do this if is stops making one of the existing | |products. Use the above analysis in task 2 and the details on the potential new product use to justify your decision proposal. | | | |A ) Produce information in four suitable formats to support decision making This can include the following: using an electronic organiser | |to arrange a meeting to discuss the information, including an agenda of items/issues to discuss; circulating supporting information, as | |attachment to email; producing a report outlining the key findings of your analytical data and producing tables etc to highlight the main | |findings. | |(this addresses P6) This will be supplemented by observations from the tutor. | | | |B) Compare the features of different types of software in producing information to support business activities, e.g. word processing, | |spreadsheets and databases, commenting on the appropriateness of using each for a given purpose. (This addresses M2) | | | |C) Analyse the information from above and explain the significance to the organisation of the information that has been obtained from the | |system. Propose appropriate actions to respond to the given scenario, which must be supported by the information generated. (This addresses | |M3) | |Tutor Signature: GAYE SNOOK | Date: | |Pre-Verified: |Internally Verified: | | | | |Date: |Date: | Assessment and grading criteria In order to pass this unit, the evidence that the learner presents for assessment needs to demonstrate that they can meet all the learning outcomes for the unit. The assessment criteria for a pass grade describe the level of achievement required to pass this unit. Assessment and grading criteria To achieve a pass grade the evid  |P1 describe the characteristics of the |M1 explain how business information is |D1 recommend how a selected organisation | |information needed in a selected |used for different purposes in a selected|could improve the quality of its business| |organisation |organisation |information to support decision making. | |P2 explain the sources of information | | | |needed in a selected organisation | | | |P3 describe how information is used for | M2 compare the features of different | | |different purposes in a selected |types of software used in producing | | |organisation [RL, CT] |information to support business | | | |activities | | |P4 describe the legal issues an |M3 analyse information produced in | | |organisation must consider in using |different formats to support business | | |business  information |decision making. | | |P5 input and manipulate the data entered | | | |into data management software [CT, TW, | | | |SM] | | | |P6 produce information in suitable | | | |formats to support business decision | | | |making. [IE, CT, SM] | | |

Airasia Assessment †Opportunities And Perspectives

Airasia Assessment – Opportunities And Perspectives Tony Fernandes bodies an obligation toward the awareness which alters the apparition in realism. He craving to jump a little-price carrier company and then he makes the good hallucination of the company to lease everyone can hover in realism. Therefore, AirAsia has unceasingly hurled little-cost advertising letters to allow clienteles to like little-cost trips to different chairs. AirAsia’s charges are meaningfully subordinate than other carrier service earners and the websites charges are also inexpensive than the visible-line kiosk fee and gift free stalls raise to give the customers break to like and also for those who cannot give the fee. It is to do the idea everyone can soar in truth. Moreover, he broke the order and cheered employees to tell ready and breakdown the dividers. For example, he sit down in an exposed ground strategy with his employees and also directed his interaction number to his staffs so they can just song, e-mail and text him right and crack it quickly without go through any subdivision. Even the bottommost graded approved can interaction him right through his telephone number, which wealth he gives everyone as like and keen to see their wants. In Edgar Schein’s model, there are three separate planes can detect organizational nation. Firstly any perceptible, explicit or orally identifiable fundamentals that comprise in item in an organization. In AirAsia, their key dye is red which meant with valor and lust. Their new even is look like a vying team Pit Stop Girls, while the other one is a red, meek stock flight uniform that gives weekend rest rovers a calm feel. AirAsia also offers exceptional plans for expecting fares and babies that would flying aboard. Next is the price that founds the organizational nation. In AirAsia, they worth the formation of little-price, extensive-two parts while upholding the excellence of service for tall-tutorial carriers and providing in height-rate and fact-to-fact networks for extended-drag services. The third is the supposed standards of the employees which cannot be unrushed but do make a change to the nation of the organization. In AirAsia, they run a truly good deal and cooperatio n. Sort meek practices to amenities and make available aid to customers in must. A typical of nation that is based on 4 changed natures of organizations had been fashioned by Deal and Kennedy. Each of them concentrations on the hurry at which the organization accepts reaction in the form of loots for members and the near of risks occupied. Deal and Kennedy’s nation that spasms to AirAsia are labor-hard, drama-hard nation, wager-the company nation. The nation of labor-hard, drama-hard has speedy response and low peril which ensuing in strain from assignment rather than doubt. This nation has described high-talking rebirth will be leaded by tall-speed act. AirAsia squat-price cost and cheap vouchers may obtain a lot of draw from many people, follow-on in a fat number of customers. They need to fix any edict usual and distinct care from the customers alone. On the other hand, wager-the company nation has gentle feedback and tall peril which ensuing in strain from tall peril and stay before expressive if actions have remunerated off. The extended opinion is oc cupied, but then did a lot of effort to brand sure belongings go as deliberate. In every carrier company, judgment is actually imperative. If it is late for an extensive period, it will touch the customer and finish with the buyers regret. Employees in AirAsia must exertion firm to improvement the faith of their customers and receive bootees for employees of the month. Moreover, every carrier company former mandatory to familiarize with the customer’s nation. For instance, AirAsia encountered a problematic where many Muslim females from the Middle East criticized that AirAsia attractive unchanging. Concerning organizational building to organizational nation is propagated by Charles Handy. The described nation that spasms with AirAsia are Task nation. Task nation in AirAsia can be defined as where lineups such as the waitperson and the trial to solve definite difficulties. Control is consequential from the team with the know-how to achieve tasks. AirAsia uses a minor team style, with extremely competent employees who study in their field of know-how. Kim Cameron and Robert Quin made an investigation on organizational efficacy and achievement. Cheap value creates division, such as tractability and solidity, as well as interior and outside attention, which are most significant in defining organizational achievement. AirAsia is best suited to Marketplace nation and Coterie nation, where the leaders modest workroom likes hard motorists and welcoming workrooms, where bests act like daddy statistics. It can be understood from their dream and assignment. Their box is to become the chie f low-fee carrier in Asia whereas maintaining the highest quality product using machinery to cut fee to the best company whereby employees are preserved as part of a big household, create a worldwide acknowledged ASEAN badge and portion 3 billion people who are presently underserved with tall deprived connectivity and tall prices. As conclusion, AirAsia Berhad will be the best carrier company due to offering the inexpensive price vouchers and complete the dream of everyone can hover around the world. A good control style touches the entire company and employees to become encourage and invent. Tony Fernandes has positively functional all the four magnitudes of the transformational headship in the carrier business. We believe that AirAsia will be the efficacious carrier company and consider a worldwide acknowledged ASEAN badge.

The Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation Essay

The Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation - Essay Example The purpose of the simulation is to construct a perceptual map for a marketing plan of Thorr Motorcycles. During the first round of the simulation the first step was to create a perceptual map of the company to attract customers due to the fact that the firm was facing declining sales from its existing product, the Cruise Thorr. â€Å"A perceptual map is a visual representation of what the customer thinks of a brand† (Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation, 2013). The student had to choose four parameters among the following nine parameters: lifestyle image, product design and styling, cool, product uniqueness, service offerings, price, engine capacity, safety, quality engineering. The parameters selected were lifestyle image, service offering, price, and quality engineering. According to the simulation the four parameters selected were the fundamental parameters for Cruise Thorr perceptual map. Lifestyle image was chosen because image plays a fundamental and critical r ole in the buying decisions of customers in this industry. Price is a no-brainer because people purchasing any type of product evaluate its price to determine whether the price is justified for the good or service a person is acquiring. The high price Thorr Motorcycles charge for the Cruise Thorr is obtained due to the brand image of the company and the perception of the customers that they are acquiring a superior product than the competition. The use of a branding strategy enables companies to charge a premium for its products or services (Kotler, 2003). Quality engineering was selected on the fact that this parameter is a good indicator of the quality of the product the firm offers. Service offering was chosen because motorcycle enthusiasts are attracted by companies that offer a wide variety of services. During the second round of the simulation the player was faced with the dilemma of the market position of the Cruise Thorr not being able to target customers adequately to achie ve the desired sales output. The simulation gave the option to either reposition the Cruise Thorr or to introduce a new product geared towards the economical market. The idea of introducing a new product to target young customers by making the motorcycle less expensive is a bad strategy that the company should not pursue. The firm since its inception has worked hard to create a brand value and corporate image beyond what anybody in the industry holds. Introducing an economical model is not aligned with the mission of the company and would be counterproductive because it would deteriorate the sales of the Cruise Thorr and anger the customer base of the company. The decision taken was to reposition the Cruise Thorr. The positioning strategy selected was to provide financing options and increase services. Providing financing options increases the potential customer base of the company because it allows people that cannot afford to purchase the bike by paying cash the ability to acquire the motorcycle by virtue of their credit. Increasing services is a smart move because it increases the value of the product for the customers. The simulation forced the player to choose a marketing mix for the new repositioning strategy. The price of the motorcycle was maintained without any changes. Decreasing the price would hurt the profitability of the company, while an increase in price will create customer dissatisfaction. The following three promotional options were selected: organize

Convergent Journalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Convergent Journalism - Essay Example The word convergence is used to provide meaning to the user but these individual definitions may not be according to the minds of readers. Convergence journalism is concerned with merging the print media, photojournalism, podcasting, video and broadcast. It also is concerned with the links between the internet and other media such as DVDs. All these media are converted to a dynamic media entity in which all team members understand and participate in the entire process during which they prepare information to distribute to the readers and viewers (Anderson, 2005). Technology has helped to facilitate the creation of faster and more capable computers, digital camcorders and cameras. Devices like CDs and DVDs have all become involved in the process of spreading information. News travels very fast as it can be received by many devices like television, radio, newspapers, websites, cell phones and iPods. Another important achievement is that social networking sites like MySpace and Facebook have become popular among all age groups. This allows members to access their own pages to find out all kinds of information. Convergence journalism is also concerned with online journaling or blogging which allows people to express their views. There are blogs of every type which can cover diverse fields like education, politics, news, opinions, recreation and sports. Blogs can be accessed by devices like computers, cell phones, and iPods. People are spending more time online as major shopping sites, networking sites, blogging sites and message boards offer a variety of diverse information to the people. Television news teams are now creating news packages to be shown on the web and on networks and stations. The web packages include articles and other items found in newspapers. The web has also facilitated the use of interactive features which can provide a user friendly environment to the users. There are forums and blogs which can provide valuable information about the public's rating of major programs and news. Television news teams have also began to create new content on the web to attract young read ers by providing interactive features like polls, blogs and forums (McNair, 2006). Streaming video and audio broadcasts are also offered for web viewers. Local areas have been collaborating with these news channels as they provide up to date information on the web. Newspaper and television news teams now collaborate with each other as they try to present the news according to the environment. Some newspapers have moved their operations to the internet while others are partly keeping their home delivery. Some newspapers are offering home deliveries only on weekends because of the rising prices as they cannot meet their costs (Allan, 2006). Another form of convergence journalism is citizen journalism in which freelance citizens are allowed to become part of newspaper publications. They provide information and access to content which online publications would have difficulty finding. The advent of digital photography has helped to discard the use of darkroom equipment

The Representation Of The Australian Landscape In Contemporary Visual Essay

The Representation Of The Australian Landscape In Contemporary Visual Culture - Essay Example Mitchell’s opinion in his work, According to WJT Mitchell, landscape as a subject in painting has caught the attention of artists in the seventeenth century and reached its zenith in the nineteenth century. His essay Imperial Landscape is very argumentative where he not only describes his understanding of landscape as a medium of communication between man and nature and between self and the other but he further problematizes the concept of self-questioning the assumptions related to ‘we’ as opposed to the ‘other’, the nature (Mitchell, 2002, p.6). It should be the historical study of the development of landscape painting tradition that Mitchell aligned with the rise and fall of imperialism. Keeping this in mind and using appropriate examples the paper moves forward to illustrate the political undertone reflected in Australian artworks. The landscape has always been interpreted as a manifestation of the spirit of the land in the Western colonization pr ocess, be it Africa or India or China or Australia. How Nature acts as an active resisting force in the perception of colonizers is probably nowhere more clearly expressed than in Conrad’s novels like, Heart of Darkness. In case of Australia as well, the nation was perceived primarily as hostile and incomprehensible. Compared to the peace of English garden, it was considered disorderly and chaotic. It posed a serious threat to the White colonial paranoia, a destabilization of the national identity of the whites. But their presentation of Australian landscape was rather a representation—defined by their own vision and habits. Beilharz questions this phenomenon and asked why ‘representation of Australia looked like England’ (Beilharz, 2002, p. 29). To answer this, Beilharz fingers at the ‘formal qualities of the landscape to which they [British] were aesthetically accustomed in England’ (Beilharz, 2002, p.29).

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Summary - Essay Example It took a whole 50 years before youth were first taken seriously as potential consumers. The three major ideals that changed it were deregulation, character licensing, and a new approach to market segmentation.1 The 1980s was a decade of great change in so many different ways. The debate over the regulation of the media industry during the previous decade helped open up the possibility of children to become consumers. Opponents claimed that children’s advertising was deceptive since kids could not possibly understand the hidden meanings of what was being marketed to them.2 Others argued that the government had no right to impose restrictions on what was acceptable in the marketplace. What eventuated was self-regulation, which broadcasters slowly let diminish over the years. Once this process had taken place in the United States, it was only inevitable that it would prevail in Canada too. Before the start of the commercialization of youth, young people were all lumped together in one giant market segment. Once youth advertising had begun to take place, audiences were segmented into separate niches.3 This was partly achieved through the creation of television networks specifically for children such as Nickelodeon and Music Television (MTV).4 These distinct networks were able to focus on a small set of viewers by involving their needs and wants in the makeup of programming.