Geomorphology of Kuwait Essay Example for Free

Geomorphology of Kuwait Essay Kuwait is a Arabic state, which lies in the North-West corner of the Persian Gulf between 28o and 30o latitudes and between 46o and 48o longitudes. It shares a border with Iraq on the North and with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. On the East it is washed by waters of Persian Gulf. It’s total area makes 17,820 square kilometers. The climate is dry desert with hot summers and cool winters. The terrain is flat with the lowest point of zero above the sea level and the highest point of 306 above the sea level (the location is unnamed). Most of the territory is a desert with only about 1% used as arable lands and for growing permanent crops. A great part of the territory is occupied by the city El-Kuwait – the country’s capital. Other major towns include Jahrah, Salmiya, Shuwaikh and Hawalli. Irrigated lands cover 130 square kilometers. Natural resources include petroleum, natural gas, fish and shrimp. The country suffers from lack of fresh water, so it possesses one of the world largest distillation facilities. Other geographic problems include sudden sandstorms, which usually happen between March and August and heavy rains which are usual for the period from October to April . Historical and Current Geology of Kuwait The country’s relief has been formed in the recent Quaternary geological era. The southern part of the country rests on a long, north-oriented dome of limestone laying beneath the surface. It is here where oil resources of Kuwait can be found. The western and northern parts of Kuwait rest on layers of sand, gravel, silt, and clay, covering limestone to the depth up to 210 meters. This layers of sediments have been formed by dried-up riverbeds called the wadis. The greatest of the wadis is Wadi al Batin – a broad and shallow valley forming the northern frontier of the country. Limestone geological formations, especially in the places where they lay close to surface, are principle suppliers of water for Kuwait. In 1960 a large aquifer has been discovered in the western portion of Ar Rawdatayn geological formation, which is now used for distilled water production, covering most of the country’s needs. On the south from the city of Kuwait another water field has been discovered in the top of the limestone of the Ash Shuaybah. The water here is salty, so it is used mostly for agricultural and commercial needs. Where waters come close to the surface, oases appears, enlivening the landscape of Kuwait . Basic Geomorphologic Terrains of Kuwait Mainland Most of the Kuwait’s land has no remarkable geomorphologic features like high mountains, rivers, ridges or depressions. A sandy desert of the country is mostly flat, gradually slopping to the sea. Some researchers point, that the land is not really a desert, but rather a semi-desert, because in winter there is a notable vegetation sufficient to support camel herds. However, for most of the year it is really sandy. This landscape is broken by the ridge at Jal Al-Zor – a series of low hills and shallow depressions. The highest point of the ridge is 145 meters above the sea level. The ridge is cut into two by Umm Al-Ramam Wadi. The southern part of Kuwait is flat with exception of Ahmadi hill (137 m) . In the centre of the country it’s coast bends forming the Gulf of Kuwait, where the capital of the country lays. The sheltered waters of the bay create a number of salty marshes, lagoons, and mud flats. In the center of the gulf lays a small Umm an Namil Island. About 40 kilometers to the south from El-Kuwait lays 120 meters high Al-Adan ridge, a series of heights similar to Jal Al-Zor . Another remarkable geomorphologic terrain in southern Kuwait Sabkha deposits – a number of irregular closed lowland areas. Two different types of Sabkhas are recognized: costal sabkhas and inland sabkhas. The costal ones are situated mostly in the Al-Jailaiaha and Al-Khiran areas, being extended along a costal depression. Inland sabkhas are situated in the desert areas of Al-Maqwa, Urafjan, and Al-Gurain. On the Kuwait’s west. Both types of sabkhas are subjected to changes after sandstorms. They may be entirely filled with sand an disappears, and new sabkhas may appear. Based on the study of sands and presence of bones fragments in most of the sabkhas, it has been concluded, that most of the sediments in the sabkhas come from Al-Dibdibbah deposits from the Arabian Shield igneous and metamorphic rocks . Coastal Area The coast of Kuwait is divided into nine geomorphological potions, out of which four are lie along the northern muddy shoreline and five in the southern sandy area. The northern part includes large portions of bays, which are filled with water during high tides and for most of the time they are areas of muddy ground. They are limited by costal sabkhas or sandy drifts. Intertidal channels form sandbars near the waterlines . In contrast to this, the southern portion of the coat is characterized by steep sandy beaches, narrowed by wide rocky intertidal platforms, covered with sand and other sediments. In many places those rocky surfaces are dissected by intertidal channels and shallow gulleys. The low water line is marked by numerous sandbars. Sometimes they are formed in berms by waves . Costal Islands Kuwait’s territory includes eight major islands and a number of minor ones, situated in the northern and southern part of the country respectively. Along the southern part of Kuwait coast five minor islands are situated: Miskan, Awhah, Kubbar, Qaruh, and Umm Al-Maradem and one bigger island Faylakah, which is the only inhabited island of all. The islands are subjected to variable tiding conditions and winds and this preconditions their roundish shapes. The northern islands of Miskan and Awhah rest on a shallow platform which is a part of a larger Faylakah Island structure. The three southern islands rest on separate platform each which is most possibly of reef origin. Beach sediments of the islands consist of sand and biologic measures, which makes them similar to the shores of Kuwait mainland . The Faykalah island is situated 20 kilometers away from the coast near El-Kuwait and has quite a different ecosystem in comparison to the mainland. It is used mostly as a recreational zone because the Iraqi have depopulated the island during the invasion in 1991, so there are only few local residents living there. 16 kilometers south-east of Faykalah lays the Auhah Island, which is 800 meters long by 540 meters wide and uninhabited except for a lighthouse. 29 kilometers off of the coast of Faykalah the Kubbar Island is situated. It is almost round in form and has flat sandy surface. Separately stands a large island of Bubiyan, which, under it’s geomorphological conditions, is very much similar to Kuwait northern mainland It is separated by Khawr Abd Allah channel on the northeast and Khawr as Sabiyah channel on the north. The latter channel also separates it from Warbah Island, which is 15 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide and lays only a hundred meters away from the mainland. The surface of the island is a muddy flat. The Bubiyan is connected with the mainland by a concrete bridge, which is, however, for military use only. The terrain of the island is similar to the one of the northern Kuwait mainland. It is a flat desert and semi-desert area with shores being sandy or muddy. No remarkable depressions or heights exist on the island. Between Bubiyan and Faykalah lays the Miskan Island, which is uninhabited save for a lighthouse, but it is vital for the country as part of it’s defensive frontier. Other islands include Umm al Maradim which lays between Kuwait and UAE territorial waters. It is 1,5 kilometers long and 540 meters wide and is known for deep waters around it, which allow ships to safely anchor. 17 kilometers away from this island is Qaruh Island, which received it’s name after Qar – an Arabic name for petroleum sediments, great amounts of which can be found on the island. It is the smallest and the most remote island of Kuwait which is only 275 meters long and 175 meters wide. Works Cited: 1. 2007 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK. Kuwait (CD-ROM), Progressive Management, 20062. Francesca Davis Dipiazza. Kuwait in Pictures, Twenty-First Century Books, 2006 3. A. Al-Hurban , and I. Gharib, Geomorphological and sedimentological characteristics of coastal and inland sabkhas, Southern Kuwait, Journal of Arid Environments Volume 58, Issue 1, July 2004, Pages 59-85 4. Mohamed I. El-Sayed and Dhia Al-Bakri, Geomorphology and sedimentary/biosedimentary structures of the intertidal environment along the coast of Kuwait, north-western Arabian Gulf. International Journal of Earth Sciences. Volume 83, Number 2 / July, 1994

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Womens Rights Movement :: Elizabeth Cady Stanton Womens Rights Movement

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Women's Rights Movement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elizabeth Cady Stanton was born November 12, 1815, in Johnstown, New York. She was the fourth of six children. Later she would meet and marry Henry B. Stanton, a prominent abolitionist. Together they would have seven children. Although Elizabeth never went to college she was very learned in Greek and mathematics. During her life, Elizabeth was a very important person to the women's rights movement. This paper will present to you the difficulties she encountered and her major contributions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nothing is easy when you are trying to change the opinion of the world. In the nineteenth century it was only harder if you were a woman. Elizabeth Stanton not only faced opposition from the outside world but also from those closest to her. After her only brother died she tried to please her father by studying and doing the things that her brother had done. Her father's response was that he wished she had been a boy. Her high hope of working with her husband to abolish slavery was shattered when she was not allowed to enter into the conventions. She, as a woman, was told to keep silent and to do her work quietly. Who better than her husband, who champions the rights of black people, should understand and applaud her work. However, that was not the case. During the Seneca Falls convention that she had organized, her husband left town rather than witness here propose the idea of women's suffrage to the group. When she lectured she was often booed and hissed at. She suffered much at the hands of the media. The only support that she ever received was from her fellow suffragists. This did not stop her from continuing her work and becoming an integral part to the early women's rights movement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With seven children and an entire household to manage, Elizabeth Cady Stanton somehow found time to help found the women's rights movement. Her contributions were considerable. After attending an abolitionist convention in London she decided to concentrate her work on the rights of women. Her first cause was that of Divorce. She believed that people ought to be able to obtain a divorce on any grounds. She also championed the married women's property act. Perhaps one of her greatest contribution she had was the Seneca Falls convention. There she helped draft the Declaration of Sentiments. This was a list of twelve items that were unfair to women. The twelfth, concerning women's right to vote, would probably have not been included if it was not for Elizabeth.

Persuasive Techniques

Technique/Appeal| Definition| Examples| Rhetorical Question| Question that does not require and answer| â€Å"Did anyone listen to the garbage he was spouting? â€Å"| Attack| Criticising or opposing a individual or an idea| â€Å"Her comments are little more than adolescent gibberish. â€Å"| Hyperbole| Exaggeration or overstatement used to imply something is better/worse or more/less than important| â€Å"we are all being brainwashed by reality t. shows†¦Ã¢â‚¬ | Humour, Sarcasm or Satire| The quality of being amusing, through the use of irony, pun, sarcasm, satire etc| â€Å"George and his weapons of mass distraction. â€Å"| Figurative Language| Describes something as something else. | She was a fox. | Generalisation| Broad statements inferred from specific cases | â€Å"This was poor behaviour was modelled by parents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ | Statistics and Expert Opinion| Material used to support an argument: * Facts and stats * Expert testimony * Research findings * Anecdota l effects| â€Å"The cities 1. 5 million dollar debt†¦. | Inclusive Language| Use of personal pronouns to involve or exclude groups | â€Å"we all have a role to play†¦Ã¢â‚¬ | Vivid Imigary| Use of images and language to illustrate points| â€Å"Australia is a fabric woven of many colours. â€Å"| Appeal to Patriotism| Attempts to persuade through emotional manipulation; targeting particular interests or concerns: * To fear * To sympathy * To family values * To logic * To hip pocket nerves * Patriotism * Guilt, Safety, Lifestyle†¦Ã‚  Refers to ones love for their country and their willingness to sacrifice for it. â€Å"Long range weapon weapons don’t discriminate – we are all a target. †Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Used in the army, navy advertisements. â€Å"Be aussie and eat lamb. â€Å"| Appeal to family Values| The use of values to be applied to your families. | Respect, Love and Cooperation| Appeal to a sense of Fear| Emotional manipulation to evoke fear. | â€Å"If you don't do this, terrible things will happen. â€Å"| Appeal to Freedom/ Liberalism/ Democracy| The power or right to act, speak, think as one wants without restraint. â€Å"Everyone has the right to vote, because we live in a democratic society. â€Å"| Appeal to tradition| Appealing to the want to maintain beliefs and customs passed down from generation to generation. | Maintain, follow and protect traditional (religious) text. | Appeal to modernity| Support to progress and modernisation of customs and belongings. | Convincing someone to get the latest and most innovative thing. | Appeal to hip-pocket never| Threatens the readers or ‘helps protects' their financial wellbeing.Makes them feel as though they are unfairly overcharged or ripped off. | â€Å"Is your current power company ripping you off? â€Å"| Appeal to a sense of justice/ fair go| A sense of justice is the concept of moral rightness based on: Ethics, Law, Natural Law, Religion, Eq uity or fairness. | Gay marriage, Individual rights, democracy, votes for women, balance and racial rights. | Appeal to a sense or reason and rhetoric| The use of justifiable and valid arguments to sway an argument| â€Å"Research has proven†¦Ã¢â‚¬ |

Principles of Auditing

A company has not followed generally accepted accounting principles In the recording of its leases. 7 2. A company has not followed generally accepted accounting principles In the recording of its leases. The amounts involved are immaterial. 1 3. A company valued its inventory at current replacement cost. While the auditor believes that the inventory costs do approximate replacement costs, these costs do not approximate any GAAP inventory valuation method. 7 4.A client changed Its depreciation method for production equipment from the traight-line method to the units-of-production method based on hours of utilization. The auditor concurs with the change. 2 5. A client changed its depreciation method for production equipment from the straight-line to a units-of-production method based on hours of utilization. The auditor does not concur with the change. 7 6. A client changed the depreciable life of certain assets from 10 years to 12 years.The auditor concurs with the change. 3 7. A cli ent changed the depreciable life of certain assets from 10 years to 12 years. The auditor does not concur with the change. Confined to fixed assets and ccumulated depreciation, the misstatements involved are not considered pervasive. 3 8. A client changed from the method it uses to calculate postemployment benefits from one acceptable method to another one. The effect of the change Is Immaterial this year, but is expected to be material in the future. 1 9.A client changed the salvage value of certain assets from 5 percent to 10 percent of original cost. The auditor concurs with the change. 1 10, A client uses the specific identification method of accounting for valuable Items in inventory, and LIFO for less valuable items. The auditor concurs that this is a reasonable practice. 1 tOf3 has substantial doubt about an entity's ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time. The notes to the financial statements adequately disclose the situation. 12. Due to recur ring operating losses and working capital deficiencies, an auditor reasonable period of time. The notes to the financial statements do not adequately disclose the substantial doubt situation, and the auditor believes the omission fundamentally affects the users' understanding of the financial statements. 4 13. An auditor reporting on group financial statements decides to take responsibility for the work of a component auditor who audited a 70 percent owned subsidiary and issued an unmodified opinion.The total assets and revenues of the subsidiary are 5 percent and 8 percent, respectively, of the total assets and revenues of the entity being audited. 1 14. An auditor reporting on group financial statements decides not to take responsibility for the work of a component auditor who audited a 70 percent owned subsidiary and issued an unqualified opinion. The total assets and revenues of the ubsidiary are 5 percent and 8 percent, respectively, of the total assets and revenues of the enti ty being audited. 10 15.An auditor was hired after year-end and was unable to observe the counting of the year-end inventory. She is unable to apply other procedures to determine whether ending inventory and related information are properly stated. 8 16. An auditor was hired after year-end and was unable to observe the counting of the year-end inventory. However, she was able to apply other procedures and determined that ending inventory and related information are properly stated. 1 17. An auditor discovered that a client made illegal political payoffs toa candidate for president of the United States.The auditor was unable to determine that amounts associated with the payoffs because of the client's inadequate record- retention policies. The client has added a note to the financial statements to describe the illegal payments and has stated that the amounts of the payments are not determinable. 1 18. An auditor discovered that a client made illegal political payoffs toa candidate re tention policies, although there is no likelihood that the financial statements are ervasively misstated, they may be materially misstated.The client refuses to disclose the payoffs in a note to the financial statements. 3 19. In auditing the long-term investments account of a new client, an auditor finds that a large contingent liability exists that is material to the consolidated company. It is probable that this contingent liability will be resolved with a material loss in the future, but the amount is not estimable. Although no adjusting entry has been made, the client has provided a note to the financial statements that describes the matter in etail. 1 20.In auditing the long-term investments account ofa new client, an auditor finds future, and this amount is reasonably estimable as $2,000,000. Although no adjusting entry has been made, the client has provided a note to the financial statements that describes the matter in detail and includes the $2,000,000 estimate in that not e. 7 21. A client is issuing two years of comparative financial statements. The first year was audited by another auditor who is not being asked to reissue her audit report. (Reply as to the successor auditor's report.

Japans Alternate Attendance System

Japan's Alternate Attendance System The alternate attendance system, or sankin-kotai, was a Tokugawa Shogunate policy that required daimyo  (or provincial lords) to divide their time between the capital of their own domain and the shoguns capital city of Edo (Tokyo). The tradition actually began informally during the reign of Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1585 - 1598), but was codified into law by Tokugawa Iemitsu in 1635.   Actually, the first sankin-kotai law applied only to what were known as the  tozama  or outside daimyo. These were lords who did not join the Tokugawa side until after the Battle of Sekigahara (Oct. 21, 1600), which cemented Tokugawa power in Japan. Many of the lords from distant, large, and powerful domains were among the tozama daimyo, so they were the shoguns first priority to control. In 1642, however, sankin-kotai was also extended to the  fudai  daimyo, those whose clans had been allied with the Tokugawas even before Sekigahara. A past history of loyalty was no guarantee of continued good behavior, so the fudai daimyo had to pack their bags as well. Alternate Attendance System Under the alternate attendance system, each domain lord was required to spend alternating years in their own domain capitals or attending the shoguns court in Edo. The daimyo had to maintain lavish homes in both cities  and had to pay to travel with their retinues and samurai armies between the two places every year. The central government insured that the daimyo complied by requiring that they leave their wives and first-born sons in Edo at all times, as virtual hostages of the shogun. The shoguns stated reason for imposing this burden on the daimyo was that it was necessary for national defense. Each daimyo had to supply a certain number of samurai, calculated according to the wealth of his domain, and bring them to the capital for military service every second year. However, the shoguns actually enacted this measure to keep the daimyo busy and to impose hefty expenses on them, so that the lords would not have the time and money to start wars. Alternate attendance was an effective tool to prevent Japan from slipping back into the chaos that characterized the Sengoku Period (1467 - 1598).   The alternate attendance system also had some secondary, perhaps unplanned benefits for Japan.  Because the lords and their large numbers of followers had to travel so often, they needed good roads. A system of well-maintained highways grew across the entire country, as a result. The main roads to each province were known as the  kaido. The alternate attendance travelers also stimulated the economy all along their route, buying food and lodging in the towns and villages that they passed through on their way to Edo. A new kind of hotel or guesthouse sprang up along the kaido, known as honjin, and built specifically to house the daimyo and their retinues as they traveled to and from the capital.  The alternate attendance system also provided entertainment for the common people. The daimyos yearly processions back and forth to the shoguns capital were festive occasions, and everyone turned out to watch them pass. After all, everybody loves a parade. Alternate attendance worked well for the Tokugawa Shogunate. During its entire reign of more than 250 years, no Tokugawa shogun faced an uprising by any of the daimyo. The system remained in force until 1862, just six years before the shogun fell in the Meiji Restoration. Among the leaders of the Meiji Restoration movement were two of the very most tozama (outside) of all the daimyo - the restive lords of Chosu and Satsuma, at the very southern end of the main Japanese islands.

Russian Economy Before And After Vladimir Putin Essay

Russian Economy Before And After Vladimir Putin - Essay Example The country has implemented multifaceted foreign policy as is also recognized as the successor state of the former USSR. Till 2009, the country maintained diplomatic relations with around 190 countries as well as with around 140 embassies. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Russia has emerged as one of the powerhouse in the scenario of global trade. The country adopted a democratic form of government and the regime of free market. The country got its inclusion in BRIC constitution along with India, Brazil and China. The BRIC group leads the developing world in terms of growth and economic transformation. To talk about the market access, most of the goods can be freely imported to the country. The country focused intensely on joining the World Trade Organization after the presidential election of 1999. The accession of the country to the WTO is now complete. Significant amount of progress was made in the last year which paved the way for the accession. The country will benefit from t he accession in the long run on several fronts, one of the most important being the discriminatory measures held by the 30 countries against the exports of steel of Russia. It is also anticipated that the accession to the WTO drives in more foreign investments. The country follows the system of harmonized Customs. The Russian history faced difficult times in the first 20 years of the last century. The civil war ruined the country, the people starved because of the economic embargo of the governments. The government was not able to gather pace on the imports as well as exports which was the need of the time. To deal with the situation, the Russian government decided to send a trade mission to UK. The Economy of Russia The economy of the country is ranked ninth in the world in terms of nominal value while the economy is ranked sixth in terms of purchasing power parity. The economy has transformed to a market based economy from a centrally planned one after the collapse of the Soviet U nion. The reforms of the 1990 privatized many sectors while the sectors like energy and defence being the exceptions. Macroeconomic stabilization as well as restructuring of the economy can be regarded as the indicators for transition from centrally planned to an economy that is based on the market. Macroeconomic stabilization entails implementation of monetary and fiscal policies. The aim of implementation is promotion of economic growth that will pave the path for stable prices and exchange rates. Restructuring of the economy require establishment of entities like commercial or institutional. These entities will allow the operation of the economy in an efficient fashion. One of the footsteps to achieve this goal is to open up the domestic market to foreign trade. The economy thus gets linked with the rest of the world. The bid of the country to join WTO faced a hurdle on the issues of low rate of domestic energy consumption and the closeness of the market for the foreign competito rs. The member countries of WTO expressed the view that the country should charge equal prices for oil and gas even domestically. The accession process was boosted as Russia worked out the disagreements on prices of energy as well as agricultural subsidies with European Union. In the year 2003, WTO estimated that the country is positioned 17th in the rank of largest exporters of the world. The minister of trade announced that the country has the potential to gain thousands of dollars once it has access to the regime and the world markets. As the pressure to resort to

Music Trade Show Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Music Trade Show - Research Paper Example The music trade show has been organized to exhibit the modern equipments manufactured by numerous reputed companies. In addition, a musical concert has been planned which will consist of participants, both amateur and professionals from the music industry. The trade show is scheduled to be instigated from 7th September and continue till 9th September. The venue of the location has been planned at International Expo Center, Cleveland, Ohio. The opening of the event has been organized to conduct an education seminar which will be accompanied by professionals from the music industry. The seminar is further expected to provide valuable tips to the amateurs, which will help them to attain success in the future. The overall budget allocated for commencing the trade show will require US $50,000. Moreover, the coordinators or the organizers have planned to recruit 50 volunteers who will be responsible for effective commencement of the event. Furthermore, the organizers are expecting a total of 100 exhibiters who will showcase their musical equipments to the visitors. Moreover, the coordinators are expecting 10,000 attendees, most of them being the professionals and amateurs of music industry. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 Thesis Statement 4 The Challenges and Opportunities Related to the Event 4 Human Resources Plan 6 Financial Plan 7 Process Used for Creating Events 8 Ethical and Legal Considerations 10 Process for Orchestrating the Events 11 Works Cited 12 Thesis Statement Organizing a music trade show requires effective planning and execution by the coordinators in order to successfully attain the determined core objectives. The report hereby intends to provide a brief analysis of the challenges and opportunities associated with the event. It also intends to evaluate the human resource plan in order to place the ‘right person for the right job’. The estimated budget required for commencing the event will also be provided in t his regard. Moreover, the discussion also intends to take into account the ethical and legal factors along with the security measures necessary in relation to the efficient conduct of the event. Based on these various aspects, recommendations on the basis of current events will be provided for successfully conducting the music trade show. The Challenges and Opportunities Related to the Event Numerous challenges can be identified to be associated with the process of organizing a music trade show. One of the foremost challenges can be identified as related with accommodation issues. As the event will be organized for three days, accommodation for the attendees and exhibiters should be appropriately managed. The 10,000 attendees are expected for the show along with 100 exhibiters who are to be provided with enough space and healthy environment during the course of the event. Furthermore, arranging for the availability of food can also be regarded as a vital responsibility for the coord inators while arrangements for the housing of visitors are being planned. Transportation will also be a factor that should be taken care of while organizing the event. Adequate number of cars should be arranged in order to transport attendees and exhibiters to and fro from the venue. Furthermore, goods carriers should be reserved for three days as the exhibiters will carry various instruments in order to podcast its unique features. Moreover, arrangement of enough space should be made as space regarding the exhibiter’s booth shall be provided prior to the opening day of the event. 100 booths have been planned to be temporarily constructed with this purpose, each providing 180 sq. ft. of space to the exhibiters (Canadian Music Week Inc, â€Å"Exhibiters Manual†). One of the crucial challenges for the coordinators in this regard can be identified in relation to the collection of finances through sponsorships. Thus, organizing a mega event of this stature will thereby req uire incurring huge amount of money for meeting the cost of these