The Kings Character in a Cinematic Production of...

Although labeled as a history, the strength of Shakespeares Henry V lies not in the events that occur in the play, but in the delicate portrayal of the characters involved. Shakespeares audience would have already known the story of Henry Vs campaign on France and thus would have had no reason to watch a play that simply re-enacted past events. Therefore, the appeal of such a play, as well as the themes and the content, would have been dependent largely on the characters themselves. It is obvious that the most prominent character is the man whose name the play carries - Henry V. The entire story centers on his deeds. He serves as the catalyst for the action, the driving force behind all that takes place. Without him there is no†¦show more content†¦The subtleties of such ambiguities make any direction a complex task as one tries to reconcile conflicting viewpoints. In doing so, there are two widely respected cinematic versions of Henry V that may be considered: Laurence Oliviers 1944 production and Kenneth Branaghs 1989 version. Oliviers version is pure patriotism, while Branaghs is grittier and much darker. Oliviers is more stylized and innocent, giving it a more chivalric and fairy-tale atmosphere. Branaghs, on the other hand, is more realistic in its portrayal of Henrys invasion of France. However, as Shaw points out, in each case the king emerges as the hero through cinematic and textual editing decisions. The most glaring omission common to both is Henrys order to kill the French prisoners taken at the Battle of Agincourt. This scene is omitted because it is one of those textual ambiguities that may leave an audience of the original play uncertain as to the quality of man that the Henry is. This would have been in opposition to both Branagh and Oliviers heroic depictions. This would not, however, be the route chosen for this production. Henry V, as Norman Rabkin describes it in Shakespeare and the Problem of Meaning, is a work whose ultimate power is precisely the fact that it points in two opposite directions, virtually daring us to chooseShow MoreRelatedA Comparison of Olivier and Branaghs Adaptations of Henry V Essays2716 Words   |  11 PagesBranaghs Adaptations of Henry V Media Comparative Essay: (in the medium of film) concerning the 2 well known film versions of Shakespeare’s Henry V of Olivier (1944) and Branagh (1989) in the specific scenes of â€Å"A Little Touch of Harry in the Night† and â€Å"The Crispin Crispian Speech† A comparison of these scenes in the two film versions of Henry V indicated above in a discussion of all the major cinematic issues in integrating a story like Shakespeare’s and to include some

Application of the Top-Down Network Design Methodology Free Essays

1. What are the business goals? (10 points) The goals of the business are to create a new network that could support the growing number of students at the campus and to create a way for off campus students to access the network. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Application of the Top-Down Network Design Methodology or any similar topic only for you Order Now What are the business constraints? (10 points) The constraints on the company are that the budget consists of revenue from property taxes and a previously approved bond, so with the network now needing to be larger and more accessible the money from the bonds may not be enough to supplement the project. 3. What are the technical goals? (10 points) The technical goals of the company are to: *Build a new IT wing for the administration building so that all of the servers can be centralized *Connect all of the buildings to the new IT wing *Provide wireless access to the students in their classrooms *Provide wireless access to students off campus *Provide a high-speed wireless connection for the faculty *Provide a centralized online backup for student and faculty documents *Replace the PBX based phone system with a new VoIP system 4. What are the technical constraints? (10 points) The one big issue that is a technical constraint on the company is that due to the rising number of students, the school is planning on needing another campus location- which is expected to be about 15 miles away. Creating a wireless network for the new campus to connect to the original campus will cause issues when it is completed. While the new building has been approved for funding, the new addition on the network has not. 5. Diagram the existing network. (10 points) 6. Describe the existing network traffic. (10 points) 7. Complete this table for all of the applications that currently run over the network. (10 points) How to cite Application of the Top-Down Network Design Methodology, Papers

Psychology vs. Psychiatry free essay sample

Psychology vs. Psychiatry 1 Psychology vs. Psychiatry Rebecca Fargo English Composition 121 Linda O’Connor December 8, 2009 Psychology vs. Psychiatry 2 Psychology and Psychiatry are two areas that can be easily confused to the uneducated person. There is a main point that separates the two and that is the fact that Psychiatry is more along the medical field, being that Psychiatrists are able to prescribe medication. In the Psychology field, they are unable to prescribe medication unless they confer with other doctors, including a Psychiatrist, first. There are also other similarities and differences as you will read about below. Psychology is an applied and academic field that studies the human mind and behavior. It is used to understand and explain thought, emotion, and behavior. There are different areas of psychology that include mental health treatment, performance enhancement, self-help, ergonomics, along with other areas that affect a person’s health and daily life. There are two major areas of focus within psychology, and those are academic and applied psychology. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology vs. Psychiatry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The academic psychology is the study of different topics within psychology, which includes personality psychology, social psychology, and developmental psychology. Where as applied psychology uses different psychological principles for solving problems. These include forensic psychology, ergonomic psychology, and industrial-organizational psychology. The remainder of the psychologist for the most part, choose to be therapists; helping people overcome mental, behavior, and emotional disorders. (about. om; â€Å"What is Psychology? † by Kendra Van Wagner) Psychiatry it the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. It combines biological, psychological, and social areas of mental health to give medical care for the different Psychology vs. Psychiatry 3 symptoms. Psychiatrists are also able to prescribe medication n because they have completed medical school and they are able to give a medical perspe ctive to the client or individual. There are many different fields of study in psychiatry that include general adult, child and adolescent, eating disorders, old age, substance dependence, forensic, hospital psychiatry and neuropsychological. They also combine their goals to provide service to the Community and many times will be in general and psychiatric hospitals, universities, community mental health services, and public and private clinics. There are not a whole lot of differences separating the two fields, but one main difference is that psychiatrists are able to prescribe medicine because of them completing medical school. Today, the Psychiatric field learns a lot about the mind and behavior because of the research done by psychologists. There are things that they share in study, but psychiatry is a medical profession and it will take you longer to receive your doctorate degree than it would to get your Ph. D or Psy. D. (Psychiatry. unimelb. edu. au; â€Å"What is Psychiatry? † by Karen Barber) I find these two areas of study very interesting; how the mind works, the emotions surrounding life, and the behavior caused by the thoughts and feelings.

Johnson Behavioral System (JBS) Model Essays - Nursing Theory

Johnson Behavioral System (JBS) Model In this paper, I am going to summarize the Johnson Behavioral System (JBS) Model (Johnson, 1980, 1990), explain the perspectives for nursing practice, and explore its applicability in nursing practice. First, I am going to talk a little about Dorothy E. Johnson the nurse that wrote the Model. Dorothy E. Johnson was born August 21, 1919, in Savannah, Georgia (Lobo, 1995). She received her A.A. from Armstrong Junior College in Savannah, Georgia, in 1938; her B.S.N. from Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1942; and her M.P.H. from Harvard University in Boston in 1948 (Conner, Harbour, Magers, and Watt 1994). Johnson was an instructor and an assistant professor in pediatric nursing at Vanderbilt University School of Nursing from 1944 to 1949. From 1949 until her retirement in 1978 and subsequent move to Key Largo, Florida, she was an assistant professor of pediatric nursing, an associate professor of nursing, and a professor of nursing at the University of California in Los Angeles (Conner et. al. 1994). In 1955 and 1956 she was eligible to go on a sabbatical and went to the Christian Medical College School of Nursing in Vellore, South India, were she was interested in starting a baccalaureate program which was received well (Lobo, 1995). Dorothy Johnson has had an influence on nursing through her publications since the 1950s. Throughout her career, Johnson has stressed the importance of research-based knowledge about the effect of nursing care on clients. Johnson was an early proponent of nursing as a science as well as an art. She also believed nursing had a body of knowledge reflecting both the science and the art. From the beginning, Johnson (1959) proposed that the knowledge of the science of nursing necessary for effective nursing care included a synthesis of key concepts drawn from basic and applied sciences. In 1961, Johnson proposed that nursing care facilitated the client's maintenance of a state of equilibrium. Johnson proposed that clients were "stressed" by a stimulus of either an internal or external nature. These stressful stimuli created such disturbances, or "tensions," in the patient that a state of disequilibrium occurred. Johnson identified two areas that nursing care should be based in order to return the client to a state of equilibrium. First, by reducing stressful stimuli, and second, by supporting natural and adaptive processes. Johnson's behavioral system theory springs from Nightingales belief that nursing's goal is to help individuals prevent or recover from disease or injury. The "science and art" of nursing should focus on the patient as an individual and not on the specific disease entity. Johnson used the work of behavioral scientists in psychology, sociology, and ethnology to develop her theory. The model is patterned after a systems model; a system is defined as consisting of interrelated parts functioning together to form a whole (Conner et. al. 1994). Johnson states that a nurses should use the behavioral system as their knowledge base; comparable to the biological system that physicians use as their base of knowledge (Lobo, 1995). Theory The reason Johnson chose the behavioral system model is the idea that "all the patterned, repetitive, purposeful ways of behaving that characterize each person's life make up an organized and integrated whole, or a system" (other). Johnson states that by categorizing behaviors, they can be predicted and ordered. Johnson categorized all human behavior into seven subsystems (SSs): Attachment, Achievement, Aggressive, Dependence, Sexual, Ingestive, and Eliminative. Each subsystem is composed of a set of behavioral responses or tendencies that share a common goal. These responses are developed through experience and learning and are determined by numerous physical, biological, psychological, and social factors. Four assumptions are made about the structure and function of each SS. These four assumptions are the "structural elements" common to each of the seven SSs. The first assumption is "from the form the behavior takes and the consequences it achieves can be inferred what drive has been stimulated or what goal is being sought" (Johnson, 1980). The ultimate goal for each subsystem is expected to be the same for all individuals. The second assumption is that each individual has a "predisposition to act, with reference to the goal, in certain ways rather than in other ways"

Make Carbonated Fizzy Fruit With Dry Ice

Make Carbonated Fizzy Fruit With Dry Ice Use dry ice to carbonate fruit. The fruit will be filled with tingly carbon dioxide bubbles, like a soda. The fizzy fruit is great to eat on its own or it can be used in recipes. Fizzy Fruit Materials Dry iceFruitPlastic bowl You only need two ingredients for this project: dry ice and fruit. Make sure to use  food grade dry ice. There is another kind of commercial dry ice, not intended for use around food or consumption, which may contain icky-tasting and potentially unhealthy impurities. Food grade dry ice is solid carbon dioxide, minus the nastiness. Technically, you can use any fruit for this recipe, but there are some that work better than others. Apples, grapes, oranges and other citrus fruit, and bananas work great. Some people dislike the effect carbonation has on the flavor of strawberries. You may wish to experiment to suit your taste. A plastic bowl is recommended because it isnt likely to get cold enough to handle. There is a small risk of getting frostbite handling the base of a glass or metal bowl filled with dry ice with bare hands. Of course, if you wear gloves or use care, its not a big concern. Carbonate the Fruit You want the dry ice to be in relatively small chunks. If your dry ice came as pellets or chips, youre in good shape. Otherwise, you will need to smash your dry ice. Do this by placing the dry ice in a paper bag or by covering it with a dishcloth and whacking it (gently) with a hammer. You want to break it into pieces, not pulverize it.Dry ice vigorously sublimes into carbon dioxide gas. As this happens, the gas is pushed into the fruit. Thinner slices or pieces of fruit will become more saturated with carbon dioxide bubbles than larger pieces of fruit. You can use whole grapes or strawberries, but be sure to slice or chunk larger fruits, such as apples or bananas. Slicing grapes or strawberries in half opens them up and helps them get fizzier.Place some dry ice pellets in a bowl. Set the fruit on the dry ice. You can add more dry ice if you wish. If you like to play with my food, you can stir the mixture, but its not really necessary. If you want the fruit to get fizzy, but not free ze, place a small cutting board over the dry ice and set the fruit on top of the cutting board. The board should offer enough thermal insulation to protect the fruit. Allow time for the dry ice to sublime (at least 10 minutes). The fruit will freeze and become carbonated.Eat the fizzy fruit, using it in recipes or add it to drinks (makes interesting ice cubes). The fruit will remain fizzy as it thaws, but it should be used (frozen or thawed) within an hour or so because it will lose its bubbles. Fizzy Fruit Safety Tips There are videos that show people carbonating fruit by sealing dry ice and fruit in a plastic bottle. This is not a particularly safe plan since overpressuring the bottle will cause it to explode. If you decide to try this method, make sure your bottle is plastic (less shrapnel in the event of an explosion) and use a minimal amount of dry ice. I do not recommend this procedure. You can get fizzy fruit without risking a trip to the emergency room.This goes along with the first point: dont seal dry ice into a closed container.Dry ice is very cold, so dont handle it or eat it.Freshly frozen fizzy fruit is the same temperature as dry ice (around -109 °F) so allow it to warm a bit before consuming it. Fizzy Fruit Fun Facts Carbon dioxide bubbles, whether they be in soda, beer, or fizzy fruit, trigger a minor pain response in the nerves of the mouth and tongue. This actually enhances flavor and is one reason why carbonated food and drink is (ironically) pleasurable.Carbonation also affects the flavor of food directly by changing its pH. It makes food more acidic. Whether or not this improves flavor depends on the composition of the product.The pH change can also change the color of the fruit. Deeply-colored fruits are often natural pH indicators. Carbonated Fruit Recipe Ideas Slice strawberries, sugar them, and add a bit of water to make a syrup. Stir dry ice into the mixture to carbonate the berries and syrup. Use the carbonated strawberries as a topping for strawberry shortcake or ice cream.Slice apples and strawberries. Carbonate them with dry ice. Add them to champagne.Slice a banana. Make it fizzy then coat it with chocolate. Allow the banana to warm slightly before eating it.If you have leftover dry ice, another fun fizzy recipe to try is dry ice ice cream.

Case # 4 A Bullys Threat Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

# 4 A Bullys Threat - Case Study Example It is a manifestation the need of advice from others in situations of urgent attention (Woods & Wolke, 2003, P 387). We see this from the different recommendations suggested by the guard, assistant principal and the counselor. To make suitable decisions, it is imperative that we take into account all the details. It will ensure that we do not make hasty decisions ignoring other crucial information. It also creates a calm environment for proper decision-making. Mr. Milhoviak asked for advice on both occasions that they could not find Carl. If I were the principal, I would consider Carls record of fighting as a factor in making my decision. Brian says that he is sure that Carl will hurt him and his family. Reporting the matter to the principal may be due to other factors like student grudges, but Angie supports Brian claim. Carl is also fond of making threats. For instance, Carl goes to a rock concert with Angie and threatens a person in the front seat; it takes the intervention of a security guard to calm the situation. Angie says that Carl seems to be an angry person; angry people tend to get more involved in violence. Carl is missing and has made a threat; the decision the officials will make has to consider the fact that Carl is unstable. Carls situation gets complicated when the officials find out that he is not in class. Missing the fourth period leads to the conclusion that he is up to something considering he has threatened Brian and his family. Maybe he is going to carry out the threat. The situation at hand is delicate; a death threat is on the plate, the perpetrator is missing, Angies parents are out of reach and Brian and Angie are scared. If I were the principal on this event; firstly, I would make sure that Brian and Angie stay under my watch until I contact their parents. Secondly, I would launch a search party for Carl. Lastly, I would consult the school guard, counselor and select officials to

Sky Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Sky - Essay Example Ltd, a Chinese car manufacturer that wishes to expand its business internationally with the help of mergers and acquisitions with existing company in host country. For the company, I suggest a business expansion in Mexico country through merger with Mastretta, a Mexican car manufacturer. This company established in 1987 and produced self-developed cars and sports cars with the help of experienced engineers and designers of Mexico. On the other hand, Chery is founded in 1997 and it produced passenger cars, minivans and SUVs (Chery International, 2010). On the basis of output, it is the ninth largest automaker in China. It exports around 25% of total production around the world. The company has various factories in different countries such as Iran, Malaysia, Indonesia, Middle East, Russia, Pakistan, Taiwan, Thailand and many more that produces Chery vehicles (Chery International, 2010). Now, the company wants to expand its business in Mexico. In this, various reasons to expand business in this country, factors that influence the transfer of business and marketing mix for Mexican market will be discussed. Along with this, environmental analysis of Mexico country will be done with the help of evidence and examples. Analysis In the overseas business expansion, companies has faced various issues regarding different political and economic conditions, cyber risks, corruption, different culture, labor laws, education system, infrastructure and ethics. In order to select a country or location for business expansion, various factors are considered such as commute patterns, infrastructure, land availability and labor availability (Russell and Cohn, 2012). According to these factors, US is best choice but in other countries, company can face issues of changes in government and laws, tax systems, labor cost and labor laws. Along with this, timeline, rights and preservation of workers, incentives, working hours organizational and culture management techniques are different in overseas business expansion. Reasoning Chery, a Chinese car manufacturer company wants to expand its business in Mexico. The company selects this country for business expansion because the automotive industry of Mexico is growing industry. It is attractive for automotive manufacturing companies due to proximity to the US and it is the world’s largest automotive market (Contreras, 2008). Along with this, various automobile companies from US, Japan and Europe shifted their plants in this country to get the benefits of strategic location, low labor cost and NAFTA (Moreno and Kellogg, 1996). The automotive industry in Mexico contributes 18% in manufacturing GDP and creates around 56,000 jobs (ProMexico, 2013). Apart from this, there are various reasons to select this country for business expansion such as: Free trade: This country has more free trade agreements as compared to other countries and USA. For example, Mexico has free trade agreements with EU that is helpful to save 1 0% tariff. Along with this, Central Mexico is the highest growth area for the production of vehicles and it is not only for US and Canadian market but also for global production (Russell and Cohn, 2012). Apart from this, due to suitable business conditions, various automakers announced $7.8 billion of investment in Mexico within two years (See: appendix 1). So, this country is good for the business expansion

The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People - Essay Example nd discussion will be useful with respect to convincing the information provided within the text and appropriately/accurately engaging it within everyday life. The first of these 7 habits that are discussed within the effects is that of being proactive. Ultimately, this is simplistic goal is one which is almost each and every individual can utilize within the course of their daily lives. For instance, by analyzing situations, understanding their determinants, and anticipating potential outcomes, be proactive individual will be more suited to maximizing their gains and situating themselves in a favorable position; regardless of the situation in question. Habits two and three are closely linked. Number two focuses upon the need to began with the end in mind. Accordingly, habit number 3 is contingent upon prioritizing goals and putting first things first. As the reader can accurately denote, both of these two habits can easily be applied within the life of the individual merely by taking time to consider the outcomes of key situations and planning the approach that would maximize their own best interests to the higher degree. Habit 4 encourages the individual to think of the â€Å"win-win†. The application that this has is for the individual to break free of the zero sum game attitude that is so oftentimes part and parcel of the way that individuals engage with situations throughout their lives. However, by understanding an problem or issue outside of the terms of personal gain or benefit, analyzing it from different perspectives can be highly beneficial in terms of creating a degree of benefit for all parties involved. Further, habit 5 was concentric upon listening prior to coming forward with potential solutions or means of integrating with a particular issue. From a personal perspective, this habit was perhaps the most beneficial to this particular student; due in part to the fact that my proactive nature oftentimes leads me to seek an immediate fix to a

Geomorphology of Kuwait Essay Example for Free

Geomorphology of Kuwait Essay Kuwait is a Arabic state, which lies in the North-West corner of the Persian Gulf between 28o and 30o latitudes and between 46o and 48o longitudes. It shares a border with Iraq on the North and with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. On the East it is washed by waters of Persian Gulf. It’s total area makes 17,820 square kilometers. The climate is dry desert with hot summers and cool winters. The terrain is flat with the lowest point of zero above the sea level and the highest point of 306 above the sea level (the location is unnamed). Most of the territory is a desert with only about 1% used as arable lands and for growing permanent crops. A great part of the territory is occupied by the city El-Kuwait – the country’s capital. Other major towns include Jahrah, Salmiya, Shuwaikh and Hawalli. Irrigated lands cover 130 square kilometers. Natural resources include petroleum, natural gas, fish and shrimp. The country suffers from lack of fresh water, so it possesses one of the world largest distillation facilities. Other geographic problems include sudden sandstorms, which usually happen between March and August and heavy rains which are usual for the period from October to April . Historical and Current Geology of Kuwait The country’s relief has been formed in the recent Quaternary geological era. The southern part of the country rests on a long, north-oriented dome of limestone laying beneath the surface. It is here where oil resources of Kuwait can be found. The western and northern parts of Kuwait rest on layers of sand, gravel, silt, and clay, covering limestone to the depth up to 210 meters. This layers of sediments have been formed by dried-up riverbeds called the wadis. The greatest of the wadis is Wadi al Batin – a broad and shallow valley forming the northern frontier of the country. Limestone geological formations, especially in the places where they lay close to surface, are principle suppliers of water for Kuwait. In 1960 a large aquifer has been discovered in the western portion of Ar Rawdatayn geological formation, which is now used for distilled water production, covering most of the country’s needs. On the south from the city of Kuwait another water field has been discovered in the top of the limestone of the Ash Shuaybah. The water here is salty, so it is used mostly for agricultural and commercial needs. Where waters come close to the surface, oases appears, enlivening the landscape of Kuwait . Basic Geomorphologic Terrains of Kuwait Mainland Most of the Kuwait’s land has no remarkable geomorphologic features like high mountains, rivers, ridges or depressions. A sandy desert of the country is mostly flat, gradually slopping to the sea. Some researchers point, that the land is not really a desert, but rather a semi-desert, because in winter there is a notable vegetation sufficient to support camel herds. However, for most of the year it is really sandy. This landscape is broken by the ridge at Jal Al-Zor – a series of low hills and shallow depressions. The highest point of the ridge is 145 meters above the sea level. The ridge is cut into two by Umm Al-Ramam Wadi. The southern part of Kuwait is flat with exception of Ahmadi hill (137 m) . In the centre of the country it’s coast bends forming the Gulf of Kuwait, where the capital of the country lays. The sheltered waters of the bay create a number of salty marshes, lagoons, and mud flats. In the center of the gulf lays a small Umm an Namil Island. About 40 kilometers to the south from El-Kuwait lays 120 meters high Al-Adan ridge, a series of heights similar to Jal Al-Zor . Another remarkable geomorphologic terrain in southern Kuwait Sabkha deposits – a number of irregular closed lowland areas. Two different types of Sabkhas are recognized: costal sabkhas and inland sabkhas. The costal ones are situated mostly in the Al-Jailaiaha and Al-Khiran areas, being extended along a costal depression. Inland sabkhas are situated in the desert areas of Al-Maqwa, Urafjan, and Al-Gurain. On the Kuwait’s west. Both types of sabkhas are subjected to changes after sandstorms. They may be entirely filled with sand an disappears, and new sabkhas may appear. Based on the study of sands and presence of bones fragments in most of the sabkhas, it has been concluded, that most of the sediments in the sabkhas come from Al-Dibdibbah deposits from the Arabian Shield igneous and metamorphic rocks . Coastal Area The coast of Kuwait is divided into nine geomorphological potions, out of which four are lie along the northern muddy shoreline and five in the southern sandy area. The northern part includes large portions of bays, which are filled with water during high tides and for most of the time they are areas of muddy ground. They are limited by costal sabkhas or sandy drifts. Intertidal channels form sandbars near the waterlines . In contrast to this, the southern portion of the coat is characterized by steep sandy beaches, narrowed by wide rocky intertidal platforms, covered with sand and other sediments. In many places those rocky surfaces are dissected by intertidal channels and shallow gulleys. The low water line is marked by numerous sandbars. Sometimes they are formed in berms by waves . Costal Islands Kuwait’s territory includes eight major islands and a number of minor ones, situated in the northern and southern part of the country respectively. Along the southern part of Kuwait coast five minor islands are situated: Miskan, Awhah, Kubbar, Qaruh, and Umm Al-Maradem and one bigger island Faylakah, which is the only inhabited island of all. The islands are subjected to variable tiding conditions and winds and this preconditions their roundish shapes. The northern islands of Miskan and Awhah rest on a shallow platform which is a part of a larger Faylakah Island structure. The three southern islands rest on separate platform each which is most possibly of reef origin. Beach sediments of the islands consist of sand and biologic measures, which makes them similar to the shores of Kuwait mainland . The Faykalah island is situated 20 kilometers away from the coast near El-Kuwait and has quite a different ecosystem in comparison to the mainland. It is used mostly as a recreational zone because the Iraqi have depopulated the island during the invasion in 1991, so there are only few local residents living there. 16 kilometers south-east of Faykalah lays the Auhah Island, which is 800 meters long by 540 meters wide and uninhabited except for a lighthouse. 29 kilometers off of the coast of Faykalah the Kubbar Island is situated. It is almost round in form and has flat sandy surface. Separately stands a large island of Bubiyan, which, under it’s geomorphological conditions, is very much similar to Kuwait northern mainland It is separated by Khawr Abd Allah channel on the northeast and Khawr as Sabiyah channel on the north. The latter channel also separates it from Warbah Island, which is 15 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide and lays only a hundred meters away from the mainland. The surface of the island is a muddy flat. The Bubiyan is connected with the mainland by a concrete bridge, which is, however, for military use only. The terrain of the island is similar to the one of the northern Kuwait mainland. It is a flat desert and semi-desert area with shores being sandy or muddy. No remarkable depressions or heights exist on the island. Between Bubiyan and Faykalah lays the Miskan Island, which is uninhabited save for a lighthouse, but it is vital for the country as part of it’s defensive frontier. Other islands include Umm al Maradim which lays between Kuwait and UAE territorial waters. It is 1,5 kilometers long and 540 meters wide and is known for deep waters around it, which allow ships to safely anchor. 17 kilometers away from this island is Qaruh Island, which received it’s name after Qar – an Arabic name for petroleum sediments, great amounts of which can be found on the island. It is the smallest and the most remote island of Kuwait which is only 275 meters long and 175 meters wide. Works Cited: 1. 2007 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK. Kuwait (CD-ROM), Progressive Management, 20062. Francesca Davis Dipiazza. Kuwait in Pictures, Twenty-First Century Books, 2006 3. A. Al-Hurban , and I. Gharib, Geomorphological and sedimentological characteristics of coastal and inland sabkhas, Southern Kuwait, Journal of Arid Environments Volume 58, Issue 1, July 2004, Pages 59-85 4. Mohamed I. El-Sayed and Dhia Al-Bakri, Geomorphology and sedimentary/biosedimentary structures of the intertidal environment along the coast of Kuwait, north-western Arabian Gulf. International Journal of Earth Sciences. Volume 83, Number 2 / July, 1994

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Womens Rights Movement :: Elizabeth Cady Stanton Womens Rights Movement

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Women's Rights Movement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elizabeth Cady Stanton was born November 12, 1815, in Johnstown, New York. She was the fourth of six children. Later she would meet and marry Henry B. Stanton, a prominent abolitionist. Together they would have seven children. Although Elizabeth never went to college she was very learned in Greek and mathematics. During her life, Elizabeth was a very important person to the women's rights movement. This paper will present to you the difficulties she encountered and her major contributions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nothing is easy when you are trying to change the opinion of the world. In the nineteenth century it was only harder if you were a woman. Elizabeth Stanton not only faced opposition from the outside world but also from those closest to her. After her only brother died she tried to please her father by studying and doing the things that her brother had done. Her father's response was that he wished she had been a boy. Her high hope of working with her husband to abolish slavery was shattered when she was not allowed to enter into the conventions. She, as a woman, was told to keep silent and to do her work quietly. Who better than her husband, who champions the rights of black people, should understand and applaud her work. However, that was not the case. During the Seneca Falls convention that she had organized, her husband left town rather than witness here propose the idea of women's suffrage to the group. When she lectured she was often booed and hissed at. She suffered much at the hands of the media. The only support that she ever received was from her fellow suffragists. This did not stop her from continuing her work and becoming an integral part to the early women's rights movement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With seven children and an entire household to manage, Elizabeth Cady Stanton somehow found time to help found the women's rights movement. Her contributions were considerable. After attending an abolitionist convention in London she decided to concentrate her work on the rights of women. Her first cause was that of Divorce. She believed that people ought to be able to obtain a divorce on any grounds. She also championed the married women's property act. Perhaps one of her greatest contribution she had was the Seneca Falls convention. There she helped draft the Declaration of Sentiments. This was a list of twelve items that were unfair to women. The twelfth, concerning women's right to vote, would probably have not been included if it was not for Elizabeth.

Persuasive Techniques

Technique/Appeal| Definition| Examples| Rhetorical Question| Question that does not require and answer| â€Å"Did anyone listen to the garbage he was spouting? â€Å"| Attack| Criticising or opposing a individual or an idea| â€Å"Her comments are little more than adolescent gibberish. â€Å"| Hyperbole| Exaggeration or overstatement used to imply something is better/worse or more/less than important| â€Å"we are all being brainwashed by reality t. shows†¦Ã¢â‚¬ | Humour, Sarcasm or Satire| The quality of being amusing, through the use of irony, pun, sarcasm, satire etc| â€Å"George and his weapons of mass distraction. â€Å"| Figurative Language| Describes something as something else. | She was a fox. | Generalisation| Broad statements inferred from specific cases | â€Å"This was poor behaviour was modelled by parents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ | Statistics and Expert Opinion| Material used to support an argument: * Facts and stats * Expert testimony * Research findings * Anecdota l effects| â€Å"The cities 1. 5 million dollar debt†¦. | Inclusive Language| Use of personal pronouns to involve or exclude groups | â€Å"we all have a role to play†¦Ã¢â‚¬ | Vivid Imigary| Use of images and language to illustrate points| â€Å"Australia is a fabric woven of many colours. â€Å"| Appeal to Patriotism| Attempts to persuade through emotional manipulation; targeting particular interests or concerns: * To fear * To sympathy * To family values * To logic * To hip pocket nerves * Patriotism * Guilt, Safety, Lifestyle†¦Ã‚  Refers to ones love for their country and their willingness to sacrifice for it. â€Å"Long range weapon weapons don’t discriminate – we are all a target. †Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Used in the army, navy advertisements. â€Å"Be aussie and eat lamb. â€Å"| Appeal to family Values| The use of values to be applied to your families. | Respect, Love and Cooperation| Appeal to a sense of Fear| Emotional manipulation to evoke fear. | â€Å"If you don't do this, terrible things will happen. â€Å"| Appeal to Freedom/ Liberalism/ Democracy| The power or right to act, speak, think as one wants without restraint. â€Å"Everyone has the right to vote, because we live in a democratic society. â€Å"| Appeal to tradition| Appealing to the want to maintain beliefs and customs passed down from generation to generation. | Maintain, follow and protect traditional (religious) text. | Appeal to modernity| Support to progress and modernisation of customs and belongings. | Convincing someone to get the latest and most innovative thing. | Appeal to hip-pocket never| Threatens the readers or ‘helps protects' their financial wellbeing.Makes them feel as though they are unfairly overcharged or ripped off. | â€Å"Is your current power company ripping you off? â€Å"| Appeal to a sense of justice/ fair go| A sense of justice is the concept of moral rightness based on: Ethics, Law, Natural Law, Religion, Eq uity or fairness. | Gay marriage, Individual rights, democracy, votes for women, balance and racial rights. | Appeal to a sense or reason and rhetoric| The use of justifiable and valid arguments to sway an argument| â€Å"Research has proven†¦Ã¢â‚¬ |

Principles of Auditing

A company has not followed generally accepted accounting principles In the recording of its leases. 7 2. A company has not followed generally accepted accounting principles In the recording of its leases. The amounts involved are immaterial. 1 3. A company valued its inventory at current replacement cost. While the auditor believes that the inventory costs do approximate replacement costs, these costs do not approximate any GAAP inventory valuation method. 7 4.A client changed Its depreciation method for production equipment from the traight-line method to the units-of-production method based on hours of utilization. The auditor concurs with the change. 2 5. A client changed its depreciation method for production equipment from the straight-line to a units-of-production method based on hours of utilization. The auditor does not concur with the change. 7 6. A client changed the depreciable life of certain assets from 10 years to 12 years.The auditor concurs with the change. 3 7. A cli ent changed the depreciable life of certain assets from 10 years to 12 years. The auditor does not concur with the change. Confined to fixed assets and ccumulated depreciation, the misstatements involved are not considered pervasive. 3 8. A client changed from the method it uses to calculate postemployment benefits from one acceptable method to another one. The effect of the change Is Immaterial this year, but is expected to be material in the future. 1 9.A client changed the salvage value of certain assets from 5 percent to 10 percent of original cost. The auditor concurs with the change. 1 10, A client uses the specific identification method of accounting for valuable Items in inventory, and LIFO for less valuable items. The auditor concurs that this is a reasonable practice. 1 tOf3 has substantial doubt about an entity's ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time. The notes to the financial statements adequately disclose the situation. 12. Due to recur ring operating losses and working capital deficiencies, an auditor reasonable period of time. The notes to the financial statements do not adequately disclose the substantial doubt situation, and the auditor believes the omission fundamentally affects the users' understanding of the financial statements. 4 13. An auditor reporting on group financial statements decides to take responsibility for the work of a component auditor who audited a 70 percent owned subsidiary and issued an unmodified opinion.The total assets and revenues of the subsidiary are 5 percent and 8 percent, respectively, of the total assets and revenues of the entity being audited. 1 14. An auditor reporting on group financial statements decides not to take responsibility for the work of a component auditor who audited a 70 percent owned subsidiary and issued an unqualified opinion. The total assets and revenues of the ubsidiary are 5 percent and 8 percent, respectively, of the total assets and revenues of the enti ty being audited. 10 15.An auditor was hired after year-end and was unable to observe the counting of the year-end inventory. She is unable to apply other procedures to determine whether ending inventory and related information are properly stated. 8 16. An auditor was hired after year-end and was unable to observe the counting of the year-end inventory. However, she was able to apply other procedures and determined that ending inventory and related information are properly stated. 1 17. An auditor discovered that a client made illegal political payoffs toa candidate for president of the United States.The auditor was unable to determine that amounts associated with the payoffs because of the client's inadequate record- retention policies. The client has added a note to the financial statements to describe the illegal payments and has stated that the amounts of the payments are not determinable. 1 18. An auditor discovered that a client made illegal political payoffs toa candidate re tention policies, although there is no likelihood that the financial statements are ervasively misstated, they may be materially misstated.The client refuses to disclose the payoffs in a note to the financial statements. 3 19. In auditing the long-term investments account of a new client, an auditor finds that a large contingent liability exists that is material to the consolidated company. It is probable that this contingent liability will be resolved with a material loss in the future, but the amount is not estimable. Although no adjusting entry has been made, the client has provided a note to the financial statements that describes the matter in etail. 1 20.In auditing the long-term investments account ofa new client, an auditor finds future, and this amount is reasonably estimable as $2,000,000. Although no adjusting entry has been made, the client has provided a note to the financial statements that describes the matter in detail and includes the $2,000,000 estimate in that not e. 7 21. A client is issuing two years of comparative financial statements. The first year was audited by another auditor who is not being asked to reissue her audit report. (Reply as to the successor auditor's report.

Japans Alternate Attendance System

Japan's Alternate Attendance System The alternate attendance system, or sankin-kotai, was a Tokugawa Shogunate policy that required daimyo  (or provincial lords) to divide their time between the capital of their own domain and the shoguns capital city of Edo (Tokyo). The tradition actually began informally during the reign of Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1585 - 1598), but was codified into law by Tokugawa Iemitsu in 1635.   Actually, the first sankin-kotai law applied only to what were known as the  tozama  or outside daimyo. These were lords who did not join the Tokugawa side until after the Battle of Sekigahara (Oct. 21, 1600), which cemented Tokugawa power in Japan. Many of the lords from distant, large, and powerful domains were among the tozama daimyo, so they were the shoguns first priority to control. In 1642, however, sankin-kotai was also extended to the  fudai  daimyo, those whose clans had been allied with the Tokugawas even before Sekigahara. A past history of loyalty was no guarantee of continued good behavior, so the fudai daimyo had to pack their bags as well. Alternate Attendance System Under the alternate attendance system, each domain lord was required to spend alternating years in their own domain capitals or attending the shoguns court in Edo. The daimyo had to maintain lavish homes in both cities  and had to pay to travel with their retinues and samurai armies between the two places every year. The central government insured that the daimyo complied by requiring that they leave their wives and first-born sons in Edo at all times, as virtual hostages of the shogun. The shoguns stated reason for imposing this burden on the daimyo was that it was necessary for national defense. Each daimyo had to supply a certain number of samurai, calculated according to the wealth of his domain, and bring them to the capital for military service every second year. However, the shoguns actually enacted this measure to keep the daimyo busy and to impose hefty expenses on them, so that the lords would not have the time and money to start wars. Alternate attendance was an effective tool to prevent Japan from slipping back into the chaos that characterized the Sengoku Period (1467 - 1598).   The alternate attendance system also had some secondary, perhaps unplanned benefits for Japan.  Because the lords and their large numbers of followers had to travel so often, they needed good roads. A system of well-maintained highways grew across the entire country, as a result. The main roads to each province were known as the  kaido. The alternate attendance travelers also stimulated the economy all along their route, buying food and lodging in the towns and villages that they passed through on their way to Edo. A new kind of hotel or guesthouse sprang up along the kaido, known as honjin, and built specifically to house the daimyo and their retinues as they traveled to and from the capital.  The alternate attendance system also provided entertainment for the common people. The daimyos yearly processions back and forth to the shoguns capital were festive occasions, and everyone turned out to watch them pass. After all, everybody loves a parade. Alternate attendance worked well for the Tokugawa Shogunate. During its entire reign of more than 250 years, no Tokugawa shogun faced an uprising by any of the daimyo. The system remained in force until 1862, just six years before the shogun fell in the Meiji Restoration. Among the leaders of the Meiji Restoration movement were two of the very most tozama (outside) of all the daimyo - the restive lords of Chosu and Satsuma, at the very southern end of the main Japanese islands.

Russian Economy Before And After Vladimir Putin Essay

Russian Economy Before And After Vladimir Putin - Essay Example The country has implemented multifaceted foreign policy as is also recognized as the successor state of the former USSR. Till 2009, the country maintained diplomatic relations with around 190 countries as well as with around 140 embassies. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Russia has emerged as one of the powerhouse in the scenario of global trade. The country adopted a democratic form of government and the regime of free market. The country got its inclusion in BRIC constitution along with India, Brazil and China. The BRIC group leads the developing world in terms of growth and economic transformation. To talk about the market access, most of the goods can be freely imported to the country. The country focused intensely on joining the World Trade Organization after the presidential election of 1999. The accession of the country to the WTO is now complete. Significant amount of progress was made in the last year which paved the way for the accession. The country will benefit from t he accession in the long run on several fronts, one of the most important being the discriminatory measures held by the 30 countries against the exports of steel of Russia. It is also anticipated that the accession to the WTO drives in more foreign investments. The country follows the system of harmonized Customs. The Russian history faced difficult times in the first 20 years of the last century. The civil war ruined the country, the people starved because of the economic embargo of the governments. The government was not able to gather pace on the imports as well as exports which was the need of the time. To deal with the situation, the Russian government decided to send a trade mission to UK. The Economy of Russia The economy of the country is ranked ninth in the world in terms of nominal value while the economy is ranked sixth in terms of purchasing power parity. The economy has transformed to a market based economy from a centrally planned one after the collapse of the Soviet U nion. The reforms of the 1990 privatized many sectors while the sectors like energy and defence being the exceptions. Macroeconomic stabilization as well as restructuring of the economy can be regarded as the indicators for transition from centrally planned to an economy that is based on the market. Macroeconomic stabilization entails implementation of monetary and fiscal policies. The aim of implementation is promotion of economic growth that will pave the path for stable prices and exchange rates. Restructuring of the economy require establishment of entities like commercial or institutional. These entities will allow the operation of the economy in an efficient fashion. One of the footsteps to achieve this goal is to open up the domestic market to foreign trade. The economy thus gets linked with the rest of the world. The bid of the country to join WTO faced a hurdle on the issues of low rate of domestic energy consumption and the closeness of the market for the foreign competito rs. The member countries of WTO expressed the view that the country should charge equal prices for oil and gas even domestically. The accession process was boosted as Russia worked out the disagreements on prices of energy as well as agricultural subsidies with European Union. In the year 2003, WTO estimated that the country is positioned 17th in the rank of largest exporters of the world. The minister of trade announced that the country has the potential to gain thousands of dollars once it has access to the regime and the world markets. As the pressure to resort to

Music Trade Show Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Music Trade Show - Research Paper Example The music trade show has been organized to exhibit the modern equipments manufactured by numerous reputed companies. In addition, a musical concert has been planned which will consist of participants, both amateur and professionals from the music industry. The trade show is scheduled to be instigated from 7th September and continue till 9th September. The venue of the location has been planned at International Expo Center, Cleveland, Ohio. The opening of the event has been organized to conduct an education seminar which will be accompanied by professionals from the music industry. The seminar is further expected to provide valuable tips to the amateurs, which will help them to attain success in the future. The overall budget allocated for commencing the trade show will require US $50,000. Moreover, the coordinators or the organizers have planned to recruit 50 volunteers who will be responsible for effective commencement of the event. Furthermore, the organizers are expecting a total of 100 exhibiters who will showcase their musical equipments to the visitors. Moreover, the coordinators are expecting 10,000 attendees, most of them being the professionals and amateurs of music industry. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 Thesis Statement 4 The Challenges and Opportunities Related to the Event 4 Human Resources Plan 6 Financial Plan 7 Process Used for Creating Events 8 Ethical and Legal Considerations 10 Process for Orchestrating the Events 11 Works Cited 12 Thesis Statement Organizing a music trade show requires effective planning and execution by the coordinators in order to successfully attain the determined core objectives. The report hereby intends to provide a brief analysis of the challenges and opportunities associated with the event. It also intends to evaluate the human resource plan in order to place the ‘right person for the right job’. The estimated budget required for commencing the event will also be provided in t his regard. Moreover, the discussion also intends to take into account the ethical and legal factors along with the security measures necessary in relation to the efficient conduct of the event. Based on these various aspects, recommendations on the basis of current events will be provided for successfully conducting the music trade show. The Challenges and Opportunities Related to the Event Numerous challenges can be identified to be associated with the process of organizing a music trade show. One of the foremost challenges can be identified as related with accommodation issues. As the event will be organized for three days, accommodation for the attendees and exhibiters should be appropriately managed. The 10,000 attendees are expected for the show along with 100 exhibiters who are to be provided with enough space and healthy environment during the course of the event. Furthermore, arranging for the availability of food can also be regarded as a vital responsibility for the coord inators while arrangements for the housing of visitors are being planned. Transportation will also be a factor that should be taken care of while organizing the event. Adequate number of cars should be arranged in order to transport attendees and exhibiters to and fro from the venue. Furthermore, goods carriers should be reserved for three days as the exhibiters will carry various instruments in order to podcast its unique features. Moreover, arrangement of enough space should be made as space regarding the exhibiter’s booth shall be provided prior to the opening day of the event. 100 booths have been planned to be temporarily constructed with this purpose, each providing 180 sq. ft. of space to the exhibiters (Canadian Music Week Inc, â€Å"Exhibiters Manual†). One of the crucial challenges for the coordinators in this regard can be identified in relation to the collection of finances through sponsorships. Thus, organizing a mega event of this stature will thereby req uire incurring huge amount of money for meeting the cost of these

Should international marriage be banned Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Should international marriage be banned - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that in the recent past, international marriage has received increased attention both from the perspective of theory and due to the practical concern. Several urgent policy issues have come up due to the emerging trends of international marriages. International marriage is for people who have an adventurer’s heart. International marriages require its participants to have a different view of the world. These people need to go contrary to established behavior patterns. In addition, International marriages present an opportunity for diversity and exploration of two or more different cultures and traditions. Despite these benefits, international marriages have problems that are absent if couples are from the same nation. Due to this, international marriages need to be discouraged and even banned to avoid the occurrence of such problems. The present research has identified that cultural differences present several challenges for internati onal marriages. Every society  around  the world has its distinct and unique culture and value system. These differences in culture and value systems present simple routine differences. If people marry from the same country, there are high chances that they will have the same cultures and share in these unique value systems. Thus, there would be reduced uneasiness in the marriage resulting due to culture shock and the need to adopt the value system of either party.

The Secret of Samsung's Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Secret of Samsung's Success - Essay Example Samsung claims to have the largest share in the global smart phone market, which is because of the Galaxy smart phones by Samsung. In 2012 it was awarded as a world’s ninth best brand (Tek, n.p). Samsung now stands among the top tier global corporations, possesses good ranking in the superior management, and provides innovation in design along with improving its sales and earnings (Lee, 9). In 2012, the company’s sales were about $ 42 billion and it made a 50% profit in the same year making Samsung the best electronic company amongst its potential competitors Apple and Sony. This paper puts across the secrets of the success of Samsung Company over the years. Samsung’s goal is to establish every inch of customers starting from their homes, new phones, tablets, televisions, washing machines, cameras, dryers, refrigerators, computers among others unlike Apple that focuses on laser electronics. Samsung does a variety and it does it very well. In 2011, Samsung was the world’s top television maker with a market share of 22%. It also had grown in washing machines from 7% to 9% in 2009 and 2011 respectively. The company introduces a variety of products that best serve the customers. Samsung Corporation has successfully blended speediness, imagination and affordability in their offerings to capture the consumers’ attention. It has invested huge sums on extensive research and development to gain and maintain competitive market, Samsung spent around US$ 2.3 billion on research and development (Roll, 154) while its competitors Apple used only 2.4 percent of its revenues on innovation (Roll 154). Focusing on research and development of a variety of products such as refrigerators, tablets, televisions, cameras, new phones, washing machines with features that best suit public demand is the secret behind the success of Samsung. The secret of Samsung’s success is attributed to quality investment and manufacturing. Samsung introduced Sam sung galaxy, Smart TV, Smart Phones each with a new feature. The Smart Phones had quality Cameras, enabled the user to access information faster and used a variety of font sizes as preferred by the user. The problem of their competitor Apple has been lack of constant innovation. It has been around 3 years since Apple released the iPod, the company’s last breakthrough product. Its latest products have been iterations of existing gadgets. The iPad Mini is just a smaller iPad and not something new. Samsung’s success is therefore because of its constant innovations of new products such as galaxy S II. Samsung poses great motivation to its employees that make them work even harder for the achievement of the company’s success. It manages the working hours of its employees to ensure no worker is overworked. Their system tallies overtime hours daily by individuals and communicates to the human resource managers. Samsung SDI recommends employees to take leaves available for them. The leave- use record is controlled at the individual level by the system and the employees are only allowed to take their leaves as indicated in the system. To domestic employees, the company provides pension scheme, health insurance, industrial accident insurance, employment insurance, mortgaging support, medical expense support, personal scheme assistance, fitness facilities and recreation facilities

Application Of EM Waves In Satellite Communication Computer Science Essay

Application Of EM Waves In Satellite Communication Computer Science Essay This paper deals with the historical development of satellite communication systems. Then the basic elements of satellite communication system along with their features are discussed. Then the working of a satellite communication system and the use of EM waves in this system is discussed and then finally the applications, advantages and limitations of satellite communication system are discussed. Introduction Electromagnetic wave is a wave of electric and magnetic field components which oscillate in phase perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of energy propagation. Generally, EM radiation (the designation radiation excludes static electric and magnetic and near fields) is classified by wavelength into radio, microwave, infrared, the visible region we perceive as light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays..The behaviour of EM radiation depends on its wavelength. Higher frequencies have shorter wavelengths, and lower frequencies have longer wavelengths. Spectroscopy can detect a much wider region of the EM spectrum than the visible range of 400  nm to 700  nm. Electromagnetic waves as a general phenomenon were predicted by the classical laws of electricity and magnetism, known as Maxwells equations. If you inspect Maxwells equations without sources (charges or currents) then you will find that, along with the possibility of nothing happening, the theory will also admit nontrivial solutions of changing electric and magnetic fields. Any electric charge which accelerates, or any changing magnetic field, produces electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic information about the charge travels at the speed of light. Accurate treatment thus incorporates a concept known as retarded time. At most wavelengths, however, the information carried by electromagnetic radiation is not directly detected by human senses. Natural sources produce EM radiation across the spectrum, and our technology can also manipulate a broad range of wavelengths. Fig. 1 electromagnetic spectrum Satellite Communication A satellite is a physical object that orbits or revolves around some celestial body. In general satellite is an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purposes of communication, military, surveillance, etc. A satellite communications (sometimes abbreviated to Comsat) is an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purposes of telecommunications using microwave frequencies. Most communications satellites use geosynchronous orbits or near geostationary orbits, although some recent systems use low Earth-orbiting satellites. Communications satellites provide a technology that is complementary to that of fibre optic submarine communication cables. Unlike fibre optic communication, satellite communication has a propagation delay (also called a path delay) of at least 270 milliseconds, which is the time it takes the radio signal to travel 35,800 km from earth to a satellite and then back to earth. Satellite Internet connections average a 600-800 millisecond delay, about ten times than that of a terrestrial Internet link. This delay is a challenge to deployment of Virtual private networks over satellite internet connections. HISTORY OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION The concept of satellite communications was first proposed by Arthur C. Clarke, based on Herman PotoÄ niks pseudonymous work from 1929. In 1945 Clarke published an article titled Extra-terrestrial Relays in the magazine Wireless World. The article described the fundamentals behind the deployment artificial satellites in geostationary orbits for the purpose of relaying radio signal. Thus Arthur C. Clarke is often quoted as the inventor of the communications satellite. The first artificial satellite was the SOVIET SPUTNLK-1 launched on October 4, 1957, and aquipped with an onboard transmitter that worked on two frequencies i.e. 20.005 and 40.002 MHz The first American satellite to relay communications was project SCORE in 1958 which used tape recorder to store and forward voice messages. Telstar was the first active, direct relay communications satellite belonging to AT T. USE OF EM WAVES IN SATELLITE COMMUNICATION The fastest growing and most recent field of communication involves the use of various satellite relays. Let us discuss the space wave communication. In this mode of propagation, electromagnetic waves from the transmitting antenna reach the receiving antenna either directly or after reflections from ground in the earths troposphere region. Troposphere is that portion of the earth which extends up to 16 km from the earth surface. It means in the former, wave reaches directly from the transmitting antenna to receiving antenna and in later, the wave reaches the receiving antenna after reflection from the ground., where the phase change of 180 degree is also introduced due to reflection at the ground, in the ground reflected wave. Although both the waves leave the transmitting antenna at the same time with the same phase but may reach the receiving antenna either in the phase or out of the phase, because the two wave travel different path lengths. The strength of the resultant waves, thu s, at the receiving point may be stronger or weaker than the direct path alone depending upon whether the two waves are adding or opposing in phase. At receiving point the signal strength is the vector addition of direct and indirect waves. Space wave propagation is also called as tropospheric propagation because space wave propagates through troposphere. Space wave propagation is mainly in VHF, and higher frequencies because at such frequencies sky wave and ground wave propagation both fail. Beyond 30 MHz sky wave fails as the wavelength becomes too shorts to be reflected from ionosphere and ground waves are propagating close to the antenna only, as attenuation is very high. Therefore just after few hundred feet ground wave also die due to attenuation and wave tilt. Space wave propagation is also called as the line of sight propagation because at VHF, UHF and microwave frequencies, this mode of propagation is limited to the line of sight distance and is also limited by the curvatur e of earth. Although in actual particle space wave propagates even slightly beyond the line of sight distance due to the refraction in the atmosphere of the earth. In line of sight distance transmitting antenna and receiving antenna can usually see each other. In fact, the line of sight distance i.e. range of communication can also be increased by increasing the heights of transmitting and receiving antennas. The curvature of earth and the height of the transmitting and receiving antennas determines maximum range of communication through direct waves. In fact, the line of sight distance has now been extended by what is known as Space Communication or specially Satellite communication which has facilitated trans-oceanic propagation of microwaves with the potentiality of large bandwidth. By space communication we mean the radio traffic between a ground station and satellite or space probe, between satellites or space probes and also between the ground station itself via man made communication satellites or natural space body( e.g. the sun, the moon, the venus etc. ). Earlier it was not possible to propagate beyond the radio horizon and hence it revolutionized the field of communication engineering and it is possible to show that three geosynchronous satellites can establish communication over entire world. Role of electromagnetic waves can be seen by studying the different bands available for satellite communication Selection of the band The selection of the band is not something that individual service providers decide, but is rather chosen by large satellite operators based on different factors. These are explained below: C-band is still the most widely available worldwide. Ku-band is becoming more available recently in regions which were less covered in the past (South America, Asia, Africa). C-band is more prone to interference from other transmission services that share the same frequencies (adjacent satellites or terrestrial transmissions) than the higher bands. While the C-band technology is cheaper in itself, it requires larger dishes (1 to 3 m) than Ku- and Ka-band (0.6 to 1.8 m) and therefore imposes relatively higher (installation) costs on the end-user. Ku- and especially Ka-band make better use of satellite capacity. Higher frequency bands (Ku- and especially Ka-) suffer significantly more from signal deterioration caused by rainfall: to ensure availability in bad weather conditions, the signal has to be much stronger. Note that 0.1% of unavailability means in fact that the service will be interrupted for almost 9 hours over a 1-year period. 1% unavailability represents 90 hours or almost 4 full days. Bands of Interest C-band is the oldest allocation and operates in the frequency range around 6 GHz for transmission (uplink) and between 3.7 and 4.2 GHz for reception (downlink). Ku-band is the most common transmission format in Europe for satellite TV and uses around 14 GHz for uplink and between 10.9 and 12.75 GHz for downlink. Ka-band uses around 30 GHz up- and between 18 and 20 GHz downlink frequency. C-band and Ku-band are becoming congested by an increasing amount of users, so satellite service operators are more and more turning to the use of Ka-band. Using C-band and K-band C Band is a name given to certain portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, as well as a range of wavelengths of light, used for communications. The IEEE C band and its variations, in particular, are microwave ranges used for certain satellite television broadcasts, and by some Wi-Fi devices, cordless phones, and weather radars. Typical antenna sizes on C-band capable systems ranges from 7.5 to 12 feet (2.5 to 3.5 meters) on consumer satellite dishes, although larger ones also can be used. Slight variations of C band frequencies are approved for use in various parts of the world. TABLE I C Band Variants Around The World Band Transmit Frequency (GHz) Receive Frequency (GHz) Extended C Band 5.850-6.425 3.625-4.200 Super Extended C Band 5.850-6.725 3.400-4.200 INSAT C Band 6.725-7.025 4.500-4.800 Palapa C Band 6.425-6.725 6.425-6.725 Russian C Band 5.975-6.475 3.650-4.150 LMI C Band 5.725-6.025 3.700-4.000 K band is defined as a frequency band between 20 and 40 GHz (7.5-15 mm). The IEEE K band is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the microwave range of frequencies ranging between 18 and 27 GHz. K band between 18 and 26.5 GHz is absorbed easily by water vapour (water resonance peak at 22.24 GHz, 1.35 cm). The IEEE K band is conventionally divided into three sub-bands:  · Ka band: K-above band, 26.5-40 GHz, mainly used for radar and experimental communications.  · K-band 18-27 GHz  · Ku band: K-under band, 12-18 GHz, mainly used for satellite communications, terrestrial microwave communications, and radar, especially police traffic-speed detectors. MAIN COMPONENTS OF A SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Satellite communications are comprised of two basic elements The satellite The ground station The Satellite The satellite is also known as the space segment. It is composed of the following separate units; the satellite and telemetry controls and the transponder. The transponder comprised of the receiving antenna to catch-up signals from the ground station, a broad band receiver, an input multiplexer and a frequency converter that is used to reroute the received signals through a high powered amplifier for downlink. The main function of satellite is to reflect signals. In case of a telecom satellite, the primary role is to pick up signals from a ground station, which is located, a considerable away from the first. This relay action can be two way, as in the case of a long distance phone call. Another use of satellite is the television broadcasts. Number of programs are first up-linked and then down-linked over wide region. The customer having appropriate devices can receive and watch the programs. One of the modern uses of satellite is getting information along with image (commonly known as space/satellite image) of any desired location on earth. Fig. 2 diagram showing satellite and ground station The Ground Station This is called the earth segment. Earth station is the common name for every installation located on the Earths surface and intended for communication (transmission and/or reception) with one or more satellites. A base band processor, an up-converter, high Powered amplifier and a parabolic dish antenna is involved to transmit the terrestrial data to an orbiting satellite. In the case of downlink, the ultimate reverse operation is being down and up-linked signals are recaptured through parabolic antenna. WORKING OF A SATELLITE Satellite is mainly working on the basis of Electromagnetic waves. In our daily life EM waves are useful for Radio, Internet, T.V etc. For all these electronic equipments are working on the basis of EM waves. Firstly a satellite is keep in the orbit. Then it rotates along the orbit. From the source station it receives signals and spread them to all the electronic equipments. Satellites easily transfer news with in fraction of seconds it means in microseconds. In order send signals the smallest frequency waves are required. At the station the producers send the microwaves to satellite, because microwaves are waves having short frequency when compare to the other waves (Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequency from 30MHz to 1GB) ,they can easily penetrate throw the ionosphere, and reaches to satellite. Satellites provide links in two ways. Firstly a satellite provide point to point communication link between one ground station and the other. One ground station transmit signal to the other satellite and next ground station receives them from the satellite. Secondly, satellite receives signals from one ground station and transmits to them to the number of ground receivers. It is illustrated in figure 2. Most satellite use frequency bandwidth through from 5.92 to 6.4GHz from transmission of data from earth to the satellite and a frequency bandwidth from 3.7 to 4.1GHz for transmission from satellite to the earth. A satellite can provide service to a certain part of the earth if it is in sight. This can be done only if the satellite remains stationary with respect to the earth. LOW EARTH ORBITING COMMUNICATION SATELLITE In 1960, the simplest communications satellite ever conceived was launched. It was called Echo, because it consisted only of a large (100 feet in diameter) aluminized plastic balloon. Radio and TV signals transmitted to the satellite would be reflected back to earth and could be received by any station within view of the satellite. Fig. 3 diagram showing Echo satellite Unfortunately, in its low earth orbit, the Echo satellite circled the earth every ninety minutes. This meant that although virtually everybody on earth would eventually see it, no one person, ever saw it for more than 10 minutes or so out of every 90 minute orbit. Telstar satellite Telstar is the name of various communications satellites; including the first ever such satellite able to relay television signals. The first two Telstar satellites were Telstar 1, launched July 10, 1962 and operational until February 21, 1963, and Telstar 2, launched May 7, 1963 and operational until May 16, 1965. They were experimental, and nearly identical. Telstar 1 relayed the first television pictures, telephone calls and fax images through space and provided the first live transatlantic television feed. Telstars orbit was such that it could see Europe and the US simultaneously during one part of its orbit. During another part of its orbit it could see both Japan and the U.S. As a result, it provided real- time communications between the United States and those two areas for a few minutes out of every hour. Some of the main advantages of low and medium earth orbit include: (a) the possibility of using hand-held receiver terminals because satellites are closer to the Earth and can therefore provide stronger signals at the receiver and ground stations need to transmit at lower power; (b) the possibility of reusing the frequencies more often than is possible with geostationary orbit because the geographical area covered by low earth orbit satellites is much smaller; (c) the possibility of reduction in transmission delay. Fig. 4 diagram showing Telstar satellite Geostationary Communications Satellites In 1963, the necessary rocket booster power was available for the first time and the first geostationary satellite, Syncom 2, was launched by NASA. For those who could see it, the satellite was available 100% of the time, 24 hours a day. The satellite could view approximately 42% of the earth. For those outside of that viewing area, of course, the satellite was NEVER available. Fig. 5 diagram showing Geostationary satellite INDIAS FIRST COMMUNICATION SATELLITE APPLE Apple stands for Airline Passenger Payload Experiment. It got the name as it was carried as a Passenger by the European space agency. Apple the first Indian three-axis stabilized geo-stationary experimental communication satellite, weighing 673kg was successfully launched on June 19, 1981 from Kourou, French Guyana, by the Ariane Launch Vehicle of European Space Agency on its third developmental flight. After 17 minutes 25 seconds the craft was successfully placed in the transfer orbit. The space craft sub-systems were functioning normally. Test commands have been issued from SHAR to the APPLE space craft successfully. Fig. 6 diagram showing APPLE satellite Launch Date: 19.06.1981 Launch Vehicle: Ariane-1(V-3) Type of Satellite: Geo-Stationary Satellite Mission: Experimental geostationary communication Weight: 670 kg Communication: VHF and C-band Stabilization: Three axis stabilized (biased momentum) with Momentum Wheels, Torques Hydrazine based Reaction control system Mission life: Two years APPLICATIONS OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION The breakthrough provided by satellites in telecommunications resulted in a major research and development effort in all the related technologies. Most of the early work concentrated on international point to point telecommunications applications. Later, the application of satellite communication was extended to the direct satellite broadcasts (1970s), mobile communications (1980s), and personal communications (1990s). In general, satellites are serving the mobile and broadcast. Radio and Television Broadcasting Satellites have been used since 1960 to transmit broadcast television signals between the network hubs of television companies and their network members. Sometime, a whole set of programs is transmitted at once and recorded at the affiliate, and then broadcast to the local populace according to the appropriate time. In the 1970s it became possible for private individuals to download the same signals that the network and cable companies were transmitting, using C-band reception dishes. This free viewing of the corporate contents by individuals let to scrambling and subsequent resale of the descrambling codes to individual customers, which started the direct-to-home industry. The direct-to-home industry has gathered even greater response since the introduction of digital direct broadcast service. . Business Radio And TV Digital television has made it possible to distribute information within organizations and companies that are geographically dispersed, or to deliver distance education. Similarly, digital radio allows for the delivery of radio services to relatively small closed user groups. Thin Route or Trunk Telephony Telecom operators have been using satellite communications for many years to carry long-distance telephone communications, especially intercontinental, to complement or to bypass submarine cables. To the end-user this is transparent: the phone calls are routed automatically via the available capacity at any given moment. Mobile satellite telephony Mobile telephony allows the user to make telephone calls and to transmit and receive data from wherever he/she is located. Digital cellular mobile telephony such as GSM has become a worldwide standard for mobile communications, but its services lack coverage over areas that are sparsely populated or uninhabited (mountains, jungle, sea), because it is not economically viable or practical for the network operators to build antennas there. Satellite telephony seems to be able to provide a possible solution to the problem of providing voice and data communications services to these other locations Marine Communications In the marine community, satellite communication systems such as Immarsat provide good communication links to ships at sea. These links use a VSAT type device to connect to geosynchronous satellites, which in turn links the ship to a land based point having respective telecommunications system. Global Positioning Services Another VSAT oriented service, in which a small apparatus containing the ability to determine navigational coordinates by calculating a triangulating or the signals from multiple geosynchronous. Military Satellite System For military communications Army, Air force and Navy use both fixed and mobile satellite systems. In addition to the normal communications, military communications are also required for tactical communications from remote and inhospitable locations. The special requirements of military communication terminals are high reliability, ruggedness, compact, operations under hostile environment, immunity to jamming, ease of portability and transportation, etc. Examples of military satellite communications systems are: DSCS (US AF) SKYNET (UK) NATO (NATO) FLTSATCOM (US NAVY) MILSTAR Because of the special frequency band used in Military satellite system and other special requirements, Military satellite Systems are always much costlier and it takes longer time to design and develop compared to commercial satellite communications systems. Realizing that not all communications are strategic in nature, there is a trend now to use commercial communications system as far as possible. US Department of Defence is one of the major users of commercial Iridium satellite system with their own gateway. Broadband Satellite System Broadband satellite service is an emerging service which has caught the fancy of many for meeting the demand of worldwide fibre like access to telecommunications services such as computer networking, broadband Internet access, interactive multimedia and high quality voice. These systems use advanced satellite technology at Ka band or Ku band frequencies to achieve the high bandwidth requirements. Examples of proposed Broadband Satellite systems are: Teledesic, SkyBridge, Spaceway LIMITATIONS OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION Latency (Propagation Delay) Due to the high altitudes of satellite orbits, the time required for a transmission to navigate a satellite link (2/10ths of a second from earth station to earth station) could cause a variety of problems on a high speed terrestrial network that is waiting for the packets. Poor Bandwidth Due to radio spectrum limitations, there is a fixed amount of bandwidth allocable to satellite transmission. Noise The strength of a radio signals strength is in proportion to the square of the distance travelled. Due to the distance between ground station and satellite, the signal ultimately gets very weak. This problem can be solved by modulation of carrier wave. Conclusion The outer space has always fascinated people on the earth and communication through space evolved as an offshoot of ideas for space travel. The earliest idea of using artificial satellites for communications is found in a science fiction Brick Moon by Edward Evert Hale, published in 1869-70. While the early fictional accounts of satellite and space communications bear little resemblance to the technology as it exists today, they are of significance since they represent the origins of the idea from which the technology eventually evolved. The satellite communication through the EM waves has many applications for the smooth functioning of life and it made the communication with each other very simple. In the area of satellite communications, the technology has been responsive to the imaginative dreams. Hence it is also expected that technological innovations will lead the evolution of satellite communications towards the visions of today. Acknowledgment I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this term paper. I want to thank department of Electronics and communication of lovely professional university for giving me permission to commence this term paper. I have further more to thank the EMFT faculty member, Mr. Princejeet Singh. I am bound to the physics faculty for their stimulating support. My friends Amit and Sulabh supported me in this term paper. I want to thank them for their help, support, interest and valuable hints. Especially I would like to thank my sister who helped me and enabled me to complete this term paper.

Peter Brook Essay -- essays research papers fc

It is noted in many books that near the start of his career, Peter Brook was attracted to both plays and techniques that expressed human contradiction. He often wondered, though, whether there were any modern playwrights who could possibly equal the richness and complexity of Shakespearean verse, and often complained about the improbability of ever finding material to work on or to produce as stimulating as that of Shakespeare. When, in 1964, Brook received a play entitled The Persecution and Assassination of Marat as Performed by the Inmates of the Asylum of Charenton under the Direction of the Marquis de Sade (Marat/Sade), by German playwright Peter Weiss, it is also noted that Brook felt he had finally encountered the challenge of Shakespearean theater he was looking for. Not only was Marat/Sade an incredibly well written and unique approach to theater as a whole, its incorporation of music and movement, song and montage, and naturalism and surrealism within the text created the perfect passage, for Brook, from his commercial past to his experimental present, as well as a way for both the playwright and the director to deal with the concept of theater as therapy; a rather ironic, yet at the same time clever, idea seeing as how the play itself is conducted within the confines of an asylum, with the inmates themselves as the stars. One of the most complex aspects of presenting Marat/Sade was its large and eclectic cast of characters and also its incorporation of a play within a play. On stage, these points were, looking at the opinions of a majority of both the audiences and the critics, presented successfully by Brook and the cast he worked with. From the prison guards who loomed in the background, clothed in butcher aprons and armed with clubs, to the half-naked Marat, slouched in a tub and covered in wet rags, forever scratching and writing, to the small group of singers, dressed and painted up as clowns, to the narcoleptic but murderous Charlotte Corday, Weiss and Brook offered a stage production that both engaged and amazed the audience, while at the same time forced them to question their role as the audience; no better exemplified than at the very end of the play, where the inmates, standing menacingly at the edge of the stage, actually begin to applaud the very people who applaud their performance, aggravating and confusing some, but forcing most t... ...m, though they are quite safe behind a large facade of iron bars. This technique corresponds to the menacing way that the characters address the camera throughout the performance, and creates the necessary feeling, for the viewers, that no such barrier is available to protect them as they are drawn in uncomfortably closer to the inmates by Brook’s camerawork. We begin to question whether or not the soliloquies, spoken directly into the camera instead of to the protected aristocrats who originally played our ‘part’ of the audience, are still merely just a theater convention, or if the insanity of the performers is used as a catalyst for we, ourselves, to feel threatened directly by what is spoken. We also begin to question whether or not the inmate is even looking at the camera to address the audience, or is simply insane, and addressing the air around them, adding yet another layer to such complex characters. Creating such questions within the audience’ s mind also seems to create, for most, the aura of discomfort and skepticism that Brook was aiming to achieve, and reached quite successfully. Bibliography Lunatics, Lovers, and Poets by Margaret Croyden

Bohemian Rhapsody: an Existentialistic Piece of Literature Essay

The song bohemian rhapsody by Queen relates to existentialism in which the song talks about an existentialist’s way of life. Existentialism is the belief that people are searching to find out who and what they are throughout life as they make choices based on their experiences, beliefs, and outlooks. Existentialism is centered upon the analysis of existence and the way humans find themselves existing in the world. The song bohemian rhapsody has several different qualities that make it an existentialistic piece of literature. At first glance Bohemian rhapsody is about a man ashamed about murdering another human being. After looking at it closer there are examples of an existentialistic lifestyle. Bohemian rhapsody starts with narrator’s shock of the realization that he just committed a major crime, â€Å"caught in a landslide, no escape from reality†, and how he cannot believe he just murdered a man. Existentialists believe that decisions are not without stress and consequences. The line â€Å"I’m just a poor boy, I need no sympathy† is a great example of how he doesn’t want sympathy for the decision he made to kill a man because he knows that that decision will bring him stress and consequences. The narrator states how he is â€Å"easy come, easy go’, inferring that he usually as it comes and learns along the way, yet another belief of existentialist. Existentialist usually do not believe in a god or an afterlife so they believe that anything acquired in this life will not matter after they are dead. You can also consider the line â€Å"Any way the wind blows doesn’t really matter to me† as another existentialistic idea incorporated in the song because the narrator infers that he doesn’t really care what will happen to him because none of it will matter when he is dead. The line â€Å"easy come, easy go, will you let me go†, has a little more meaning to it the earlier line, â€Å"easy come, easy go†. The added line â€Å"will you let me go† shows that he takes responsibility for what he has done but wants others to forget him because it will not matter when they are all dead. The stanza â€Å"Nothing really matters, anyone can see, Nothing really matters, Nothing really matters to me Any way the wind blows ENDED. † Also shows how the existentialists believe that nothing really matters in life because once you are gone nothing you did in this life will matter. All of these lyrics show how existentialism is incorporated into the song bohemian rhapsody.

Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis, also known as â€Å"MS†, is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord). This disorder is caused by inflammation, the action of the body’s own immune cells attacking its own nervous system. Aforementioned inflammation damages the outer layer of nerve cells, also known as the myelin sheath. When this covering is harmed, nerve signals slow down or altogether stop, making life difficult for the victims of MS. â€Å"Although found in both genders, MS affects many more women than men.It usually appears between the ages of 20 and 40, but has been diagnosed at all levels of maturity. † (pubmedhealth) These people may suffer from a multitude of symptoms associated with MS including, but not limited to, loss of balance, heavy fatigue, muscle spasms, dizziness, tremors, weakness, double vision, tingling and numbness, depression, hearing loss, slurred speech, and difficulty swallowing. Symptoms vary from pati ent to patient based on location, treatment, and the overall severity of the disease. MS causes deterioration of the body, but does not however, make one’s life expectancy shorter than normal.Most victims continue to function normally throughout the majority of their lives, working with minimal disability for 20 or more years. This chronic and incurable disease is life-changing, but in most cases, not life-ending. Although incurable, MS can be tested and treated in a variety of ways. A few tests that can be used to diagnose MS comprise of, Lumbar puncture, MRI brain scan, and a nerve function study. Lumbar punctures are known to be very painful and a dreadful procedure in that the surgeon much use a very extensive needle to â€Å"tap† into the patient’s spinal cord for a something called cerebrospinal fluid.Although Lumbar punctures are the most painful, they just so happen to be the most effective, in turn making them the most popular MS test. As far as treatme nt goes, there is no cure known for this disease. That being said, there are many therapies and medicine available to help slow down and control the disease. Some of the medications used to slow this disease down consist of Interferons (also used to treat a rare skin cancer known as melanoma), glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone, natalizumab, and fingolimod.Steroids may also be used to minimize how severe the attacks can reach (pubmedhealth). Other medicines are additionally used to control symptoms, including Lioresal, tizanidine, and benzodiazepine, which are medicines to lessen muscle spasms. Antidepressants are used for mood and/or behavior symptoms (pubmedhealth). Furthermore, in addition to the aforementioned treatments for MS, there are numerous wellness behaviors that can be followed to lower progression of the disease. â€Å"Physical therapy and other types of therapy like speech, occupational and support groups. ther wellness behaviors such as assistive devices, planned exer cise programs, a healthy lifestyle, avoiding stress or illness in any way, changes in what you eat or drink, making changes around the home to prevent falls, and counseling services to help cope with the disorder† (pubmedhealth) can all be ways to lower the progression of the disease. † In conclusion, Multiple Sclerosis is a horrible disease that no one should have to deal with, but unfortunately millions of people do every day.

Human Rights Issues in Guantanamo Bay

Human Rights Issues in Guantanamo Bay Written by Daniella Schneider, the article â€Å"Human Rights Issues in Guantanamo Bay† tackles various issues regarding detention and treatment of prisoners at the Guantanamo Bay. The article examines both political and legal issues surfacing due to the continued detentions. Currently, the prevailing political condition has degraded and gone against laws relating to international and human rights.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Human Rights Issues in Guantanamo Bay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This aspect has resulted to in-depth debates on the legality of the detention that has up to date denied more than 660 people the freedom they once enjoyed. However, this move has led to the Federal Government of the United States pronouncing that Guantanamo is in breach of the Geneva Convention that took place in 1949. The US government appreciates that even though the Taliban and Al-Qaeda are not recognized by th e Convention, there have been no attempts to verify the legal rights of those detained, even by means of a tribunal. In the verge of trying and granting detainees their rights, the article examines several conventions, laws, and regulations regarding human rights that have been passed by the international community. However, there are quite a lot of difficulties surrounding the legal status of these detainees in Guantanamo Bay. Moreover, the US government received strong opposition from the international community when it preferred trial of these detainees through military commission. It is expressed in the article that although the detainees are international criminals, the move by the US to detain them at the Guantanamo Bay is an abuse of international laws on the human rights. Guantanamo Bay, having been established in 2002, was used by the US as a prison camp where the first victims were some people brought into the custody of the US from Afghanistan and elsewhere. Two years dow n the line, some international organizations have come up to challenge the legality of such detentions. For instance, the Amnesty International was the first international body to point out that the detention was against international standards. In 1949, the Geneva Convention was adopted and it provides a framework of dealing with detainees. The convention stipulates that a detainee is subject to humane treatment and should not be punished unless found guilt. They are detained to restrain them from joining the enemy’s side and laying fresh ambushes. In addition, the convention also stipulates that a detainee shall not wait for trial for more than 3 months. The convention also defines who a detainee is; that is, a member of the armed or militia forces. Although the Al Qaeda is an international criminal group, it does not qualify for a prisoner of war (POW) status.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first pape r with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, the detention of such members amounts to illegal detention. This element was not the case with the Taliban group as it was once an Afghanistan’s military group. However, the international community was concerned why the US did not use conditions stipulated by the POW to determine whom to detain at the Guantanamo Bay. Strong opposition by the international community to allow trial by a military judge was to secure recognition of the application of the Convention. Detainees were treated with a lot of cruelty and various articles of the Convention were breached while dealing with detainees. The US defended itself by stating that the detainees had no initial POW status and granting them freedom would compromise the on-going interrogations. The US would hold them for as long as possible to obtain sufficient information. Various laws relating to the protection of the detainees were evaluated. Under the fourth Geneva Convention, d etainees were entitled to protection, although they were not entitled to the POW status. Article 5 of the Convention moved ahead to stipulate that unlawful combatants would be subject to humane treatment and retain their rights of fair and regular trial. The Al Qaeda fighters would be subject to minimum treatment as stipulated by article 71-76 of the 4th Convention, while civilians retain their status as civilians. Although the US government breached most of the Convention’s stipulations, it tends to apply it to some extents. For instance, treating detainees as POW and detaining them until the war is over. However, this compliance was seen as a way of silencing the international community. In accordance with the stipulations laid by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the US had breached two of the human rights. For instance, the US treated detainees with a lot of inhumanity and declined to any legal mechanism in dealing with victims. Under this convention, detainees were subject to a fair trial as stipulated by Article 9. Article 7 of the same Convention prohibits torture and inhumane treatment. However, applications by the US to have detainees tried through a military commission were criticized by the international community. It was seen to breach provisions of both Conventions stipulated above. Arguably, detainees would not argue for justification of their detention due to the existence of stringent conditions within a military court. The US defended this move by stating that it would take quite a long time for the standard courts to rule of the case of detainees.